ORGANISATIONAL BEHAVIOUR

ATTITUDES AND VALUES

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Definition:

An attitude is mental state of readiness , learned and organized through experience , exerting a specific influence on persons response to people ,object and situations with which it is related.

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What is attitude?

Ideas we hold about ourselves, others, objects and experiences An evaluation a person makes about an object, person, group, event or issue An evaluation refers to a judgement being made either positive or negative about something

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Tri-component model of attitudes

This is the most widely used model to explain attitude Proposes that attitude has three related components the affective, behavioural and cognitive components which are sometimes referred to as the ABC of attitudes.

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Three Components of Attitudes

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THREE COMPONENTS OF ATTITUDES

Affective Component The emotional or feeling segment of an attitude (the feelings,sentiments,moods and
emotions)

Behavioral Component An intention to behave in a certain way towards someone or something.(

to get a favorable or unfavorable evaluation of everything)

Cognitive Component The opinion or belief segment of an attitude.

Beliefs, opinions, knowledge or information held by the individual Taruna Dureja Banga

Affective component

Refers to emotional reactions or feelings an individual has towards a object, person, group, event or issue Based on a judgment which results in either a positive, negative or neutral response. Examples:

I enjoy playing tennis I hate maths Im not interested in politics

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Behavioural Component

Refers to the way an attitude is expressed through our actions (or intended actions if an opportunity presented itself) Examples
Running

to keep fit is the behavioural component that reflects your attitude towards fitness Studying for an exam is the behavioural component that reflects your attitude towards school

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Cognitive component

Refers to the belief we have about an object, person, group, event or issue These are linked to what we know about the world and developed through experience Some beliefs are true and some are false Some can be verified and some cannot

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Work Related Components of Attitudes

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FORMATION OF ATTITUDE:

Direct experience with the object. Classical conditioning and Attitudes. Operant conditioning and Attitude acquisition. Vicarious learning. Family and Peer Groups. Neighbourhood. Economic Status and Occupations. Mass Communications.
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Formation of Attitudes

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Direct experience with the Object.

Attitudes formed through direct behavioural experience with an attitude object have been found to better predict later behaviour than attitudes formed through indirect experience.
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Classical conditioning and Attitude.

Experiment indicate that affect can influence attitudes even in the absence of product beliefs and also suggest that affect plays as important or more important a role experiments, using established conditioning procedures, assessed the impact of affect on attitude formation.
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Operant conditioning and Attitude acquisition.

Attitudes are acquired rather than inborn , complex attitudes are probably formed through operant conditioning, as an individual is reinforced for holding certain attitudes.

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Vicarious learning.

Vicarious learning is also known as observational learning. It is a process in which an individual observes another individual's behaviour and its aftermath. If the outcome is positive, the individual is likely to imitate that behaviour. This form of learning encourages awareness of surroundings and teaches the individual the basics of social interaction.

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Family and Peer Group.

Peer pressure refers to the influence exerted by a peer group in encouraging a person to change his or her attitude or behaviour in order to conform to group norms. For E.g.:- A person may learn attitude while he is in a group.
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Neighbourhood.

The neighborhood we live in has a certain structure in terms of it having cultural facilities, religious groupings, and possibly ethnic differences. Further, we accept these moves and conform, or we deny them and possibly rebel. The conformity or rebellion in some respects is the attitudes we hold. Taruna Dureja Banga

Economic Status and Occupations.

Our economic and occupational positions also contributes to attitudes formation. They determine, in part, our attitudes towards unions and management and our belief that certain laws are good or bad . Our socio-economic background influences our present and future attitudes.
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Mass Communication.
All varieties of mass communications television , radio , newspapers , and magazines- feed their audiences large quantities of information. The presentation of news or information is constructed so as to cater to the attitude of the audience.
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Benefits of Positive Attitude.

Increase productivity. Fosters teamwork. Solves problems. Improves quality. Makes for congenial atmosphere. Breeds loyalty. Increase profits. Fosters better relationship with the employers, employees and customers. Reduces stress. Makes for a pleasing personality.
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Functions of Attitude.

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Functions of Attitude.
A. The Adjustment Function: Attitudes often help people to adjust to their work environment. Well-treated employees tend to develop a positive attitude towards their job, management and the organization in general while ill treated organizational members develop a negative attitude. In other words, attitudes help employees adjust to their environment and form a basis for future behaviour. B. Value-expressive: Express basic values, reinforce self-image. Eg: if you view yourself as a Catholic, you can reinforce that image by adopting Catholic beliefs and values. Eg: We may have a self-image of ourselves as an enlightened conservative or a militant radical, and we therefore cultivate attitudes that we believe indicate such a core value.
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Functions of Attitude.
C. Knowledge: Attitudes provide meaningful, structured environment. In life we seek some degree of order, clarity, and stability in our personal frame of reference. Attitudes help supply us with standards of evaluation. Via such attitudes as stereotypes, we can bring order and clarity to the complexities of human life.

D. Ego-defensive : Some attitudes serve to protect us from acknowledging basic truths about ourselves or the harsh realities of life. They serve as defense mechanisms. Eg: Those with feelings of inferiority may develop attitude of superiority.
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Changing Attitude.

Escalation of commitment. Cognitive dissonance. Insufficient information.

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Ways of changing of Attitude.

Changing attitude of self.

Changing attitude of employees.

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Changing attitude of self.

Be aware of ones attitude. Think for self. Realize that there are few , if any, benefits from harboring negative attitude. Keep an open mind. Built a positive self esteem. Stay away from negative influence.

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Changing Attitude of Employees

Give feedback. Accentuated positive conditions. Positive role model. Providing new information. Use of fear. Influence of friends or press. The co-opting approach Others.
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Response to Job Dissatisfaction.

Active

exit
Destructive

voice
Constructive

neglect

loyalty

Passive
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Changing attitudes

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Job Satisfaction Model

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Work Environment and Job Satisfaction Some Possible Relationship

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Responses to Job Dissatisfaction

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Behavioural Intentions Model

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What is a value?

Qualities, characteristics, or ideas about which we feel strongly. Our values affect our decisions, goals and behavior. A belief or feeling that someone or something is worthwhile. Values define what is of worth, what is beneficial, and what is harmful Values are standards to guide your action, judgments, and attitudes.

Categories of Values
There are a number of different categories into which values can be placed. Personal values Personal values are those you take for yourself and which constitute a critical part of your values and are apparent in attitudes, beliefs, and actions. Personal values may be prioritized, such as honesty then responsibility then loyalty and so on. Social values Social values are those which put the rights of wider groups of people first. This may include equality, justice, liberty, freedom, and national pride. These are often instilled into us when we were young.

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Categories of Values
Political values Political values are ideological beliefs about the best way to govern a country or organization, for example through welfare, democracy and civic responsibility. Economic values Economic values are those around money, and may include beliefs around ownership of property, contributing to the common good (taxes!), the balance of supply and demand and so on. Religious values Religious values are spiritual in nature and include beliefs in how we should behave, including caring of one another and in worship of our deity or deities

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