Skeletal Tissue

Skeletal Tissue

is a type of connective tissue specialized to bear weight provide rigidity necessary for the supporting framework of the body. Two types- cartilage bone

Objectives- Cartilage

classify cartilage tissue. location of the different types of cartilage. state the differences between the types. state the role of hyaline cartilage in growth and articulation. strucrture and function of perichondrium. growth of cartilage. state how cartilage cells are nourished.

Objectives - Bone

state the methods available for study of bone tissue describe the arrangement of cells and matrix in bone describe the structure and function of periosteum State the differences between osteoblasts, osteocytes and osteoclasts

Types
structural and functional differences are related to the nature the proportion of the ground substance the fibres in the extracellular matrix.

Cells of skeletal tissue - derived from the primitive mesenchyme

Types
Cartilage semi rigid nature predominant ground substance joints walls of thorax larynx, trachea bronchi, nose and ears. Bone- mineralized extracellular matrix.

Cartilage
Cartilage consists of Chondrocytes Intercellular matrix Perichondrium outer - fibrous Inner- cellular- potential to form young cartilage cells - chondroblasts. Continued growth growth of cartilage

Classification of Cartilage
according to the nature of its fibres

hyaline cartilage white fibro cartilage

yellow elastic cartilage.

Hyaline Cartilage

covers the articular surfaces of most synovial joints. not covered by a perichondrium. homogenous basophilic matrix (Bluish purple) in H&E sections Collagen type 11 fibres. elasticity allows to break any forces smooth surface allows ease of movement.

Yellow Elastic Cartilage

network of braching and anastomosing elastic fibres in its ground substances

White Fibrocartilage

is similar to hyaline cartilage except that - excessive amounts of collagen fibres in the EC matrix Few Chrondocytes arranged in rows.

Bone

is a specialized form of supporting tissue matrix- mineralized to form a dense, hard substance with high tensile strength

adapted for weight bearing

maintenance of calcium homeostasis in the body

Bone
two main forms- woven bone -primary lamellar bone- secondary Woven bone : found in the foetus, tooth sockets ,sutures in repair of fractures

Lamellar bone: compact or dense bone cancellous or spongy bone.

Cancellous(spongy bone) network of narrow irregular bars or trabecullae enclosing large intercommunicating spaces filled with bone marrow. Compact bone solid dense mass spaces are small and cannot be seen with the naked eye.

Macroscopic Appearance
A typical long bone (humerus. radius) cut longitudinally- shaft- diaphysis

hollow cylinder of compact bone trabeculae of spongy bone - inner surface marrow cavity with yellow marrow

Epiphysis

spongy bone- spaces between the trabeculae

contain red marrow continuous with the medullary cavity

Long bone

Periosteum

vascular membrane has the potential to form bone during bone growth and healing.

easily stripped off in young bones.

In adult bones - firmly adherent particularly at the site of insertion of tendons and ligaments.

Periosteum

periosteal fibres penetrate the surface layers of the bone as perforating fibres of Sharpey. Nutrients reach the bone through vessels that enter through the nutrient foramina.

Microscopic Appearance

arrangement of the bone matrix - lamellae. Small ovoid spaces - lacunae between and within the lamellae contain a single bone cell - osteocyte radiating from lacunae- canalculi join up with canalculi of adjacent lacunae. canalculi contain the processes of cells

Haversian System

Compact Bone Lamellae may show three different patterns Haversian systems or osteones interstitial lamellae circumferential lamellae

Haversian Systems or Osteones

Most of the lamellae are cylindrical units run parallel to the long axis of the bone. are the unit structure of the bone. each osteone consists of 8 to 15 concentric lamellae around - Haversian canal it contains a neurovascular bundle. osteones appear round or oval in transverse section.

Osteones

Interstitial Lamellae

In between the osteones are irregular areas of lamellae bone Osteones and interstitial lamellae- demarcated from neighbouring systems by a strongly basophilic cement line or reversal line it is not traversed by canaliculi.

Circumferential Lamellae

outer lies immediately beneath the periosteum. extend almost completely around most of the shaft of the bone. inner- A less developed system of lamellae lines the endosteum

Helical course of collagen

Outer circumferential lamellae

Volkmanns canal

Osteon Inner circumferential lamellae

Endosteum

Haversian canal

Haversian System
Haversian canals communicate with each other by oblique and transverse channels. communicate with the periosteal and endosteal surface by Volkmans canals blood vessels communicate with those of marrow cavity via those canals canaliculi open into Haversian canals lacunae communicate with Haversian canal.

Cancellous Bone

trabeculae and spicules are thin are not traversed by blood vessels. osteones are therefore not seen bone contains fragments of lamellar bone

Cancellous BoneSection of a trabecula

osteocyte Osteoclast Interstitial lamellae

Osteoblasts

Periosteum
has two layers. outer layer- dense connective tissue collagen and elastic fibres blood vessels and nerves inner layer - more cellular loose connective tissue. During growth this layer contains osteogenic cells - osteogenic layer.

Osteocytes

Main cellular component of bone- lie in the lacunae. Cytoplasmic processes extend into canaliculi. are in contact with processes of adjacent cells. apposing cell surfaces forming communicating junctions. The cells are separated from the walls of the lacunae and canalculi by unmineralised matrix.

Osteocyte

Osteoblasts

immature bone cells which secrete the organic bone matrix - osteoid tissue. cells are ovoid, 15-20 in size with long tapering processes in contact adjacent cells. cytoplasm is basophilic. large amount of rough endoplasmic reticulum and a well developed Golgi.

Osteogenic cells

Osteoblast Osteoprogenitor cell Osteocyte

Osteoblasts

cytoplasm has abundant alkaline phosphatase. Osteoblasts trapped in the osteoid matrix forms osteocytes

Osteoblasts also synthesise and secrete the

organic matrix of bone.

Osteoclasts

found on bone surfaces where resorption of bone is taking place. are large multinucleate giant cells often lie in shallow depressions - Howships lacunae on the surface of the bone. cytoplasm is acidophilic appears foamy with numerous mitochondria and lysosomes

Osteoclast

Matrix of bone
Bone matrix has organic and inorganic components. organic matrix amorphous ground substance glycoprotein collagen fibres - Type 1 is impregnated by the inorganic bone salts is responsible for the rigidity and hardness of bone.

Inorganic componentsalts

Salts- calcium phosphate calcium carbonate small amounts of calcium magnesium fluoride minerals are present as crystals within the collagen fibres.