MATHEMATICS

LINES AND PLANES IN 3 DIMENSIONS

FORM 4

LINES AND PLANES IN 3-DIMENSIONS

Introduction

Prior knowledge

Line

Plane

The angle between a line and a plane

The angle between two planes

Conclusion

Exit

Prior Knowledge A.Different types of dimensions One- Dimensional Two- Dimensional Three- Dimensional

B.Pythagoras Theorem

Sine

= Opposite Hypotenuse Cosine = Adjacent Hypotenuse Tangent = Opposite Adjacent

PLANES Definition: A completely flat surface

HORIZONTAL PLANE

VERTICAL PLANE

INCLINED PLANE

VERTICAL PLANE

HORIZONTAL PLANE

INCLINED PLANE

LINE LIES ON A PLANE

P
A B

LINE INTERSECTS WITH A PLANE

The angle between a line and a plane

Objective: To find and calculate the angle between a line a plane

Steps to find the angle: identify a normal to a plane determine the orthogonal projection of the line name the angle calculate the angle

NORMAL TO A PLANE

Definition: Normal to a plane is a straight line which is perpendicular to the intersection of any lines on the plane.

Normal to a plane
S

Y
P Q

Orthogonal projection Based on the following diagram

The Orthogonal projection is a line which joins point A with point C. The line lies on the plane PQRS.

B BC is normal to the plane PQRS R C

P AC is the orthogonal projection of line AB on a plane PQRS. The angle between the line AB and the plane PQRS is < BAC

The angle between a line and a plane

S R

Example

4 cm C

3 cm

Based on the above diagram, find the angle between the line PB and the plane ABCD.

The angle between a line and a plane

Name the angle

The angle between the line PB and the plane ABCD is < ABP

Q
4 cm D C

How to calculate the angle ?

A

3 cm

How to calculate the angle ?

Find the angle of ABP, if AB = 4 cm, PA = 3 cm
P

R Q

P
3 cm D A 4 cm

3cm
A

C B

4 cm

Tan < ABP = AP AB =3 4 = 0.75

< ABP = tan 1 0.75 = 3652

Use a scientific calculator to find the answer

The angle between a line and a plane

S Find the angle between the line SB and the plane ABCD. P Q R

Answer : The angle is < DBS

Calculate the angle of < DBS if SB = 19cm and BD= 13 cm.
Cos < DBS = DB SB = 13 19 = 0.6842 < DBS = cos 0.6842 = 4649 D
1

S
19 cm

13 cm

Exercise
S P R Q

Based on the diagram,name the angles between the following:

C B

Answers (a) RBC (b) SAD (c) ARC (d) BSQ

(a)Line BR and plane ABCD (b)Line AS and plane ABCD (c)Line AR and plane CDSR (d)Line BS and plane PQRS

AF and DE are both perpendicular to the plane ABCD.AF=DE=5cm, AB=DC= 12cm,AD=BC=9cm,and ABCD is a rectangle.
F

C 9 cm

Calculate the angle between (i) the line BF and the plane ABCD; (ii)the line BF and the plane ADEF ; (iii) the line FC and the plane ABCD.

5 cm A

12 cm

Answers

Answers (i) Since AF is perpendicular to the plane ABCD , the angle between the line BF and the plane ABCD is given by the angle ABF. tan ABF = 5 12 = 0.425 ABF = 23 Thus the angle between the line BF and the plane ABCD is 23 (ii) AF is perpendicular to plane ABCD AF is perpendicular to AB. The angle between the line BF and the plane ADEF is given by angle AFB AFB = 90 - ABF = 90 - 23 = 67 Thus the angle between the line BF and the plane ADEF is 67 No(iii)

(iii) Since AF perpendicular to the plane ABCD,the angle between FC and ABCD is given by the angle ACF.By pythagoras theorem, AC = 12 + 9 AC = 15cm in ACF,tan ACF = AF AC = 5 13 ACF = 21.

The Angle Between Two Planes

A B

Intersection Line

The angle between two planes which meet on a line DC is the angle between two lines, one in each plane,taken perpendicular to DC and meeting at a point on DC .

Example 1
Name the angle between planes ADSP and BDS Steps to find the angle i) Identify the intersection line between two planes ( ie SD) ii) Identify perpendicular lines from plane ADSP and plane BDS to the intersection line (ie PS/AD and BD respectively) iii) Identify the perpendicular line which meet at the same point on the intersection line (AD and BD meet at the point) iv) Name the angle (the angle is ADB) P

S Q

Example 2
The diagram below shows a cuboid with a rectangular base ABCD.
N is the mid-point of AD. Calculate a) Find the length of NC b) Calculate the angle between RN and the base c) Name the angle between plane RQAN and plane PQRS
P 6 cm Q

16 cm

Answers
A S N 6 cm D C B R

Back to question
(a) AD = QR = 16 cm ND = AD = 8 cm DC = PQ = 6 cm NC= 8 + 6 = 100 NC = 100 = 10 cm
(b) The angle between RN and the base ABCD is RNC. tan RNC = 6/10 = 0.6 RNC = 3058 (c) The angle between planes RQAN and PQRS is AQP.
N

8 cm

D 6 cm

R 6 cm C 10 cm

Exercise
EFGH,WXYZ is a cube.Name the angle between; (i) plane EFYZ and base EFGH; (ii) plane EFYZ and plane WXYZ; (iii) plane EFGH and plane HGYZ ; (iv) plane FHZX and plane HGYZ.
Z Y

(i) YFG, (ii) ZEH XYF, WZE (iii)EHZ, (iv) FGY FHG YZH,

Answers

W H

Multiple Choice Question:

P Q

Based on the above diagram, which of the following line is not intersect with plane PQRS? A FG B FQ C HS D PG

Based on the above diagram,which of the following line is normal to the plane? A PF B PQ C PS D ST

S E

R F

Based on the above diagram, orthogonal projection for line PG to the Plane SRGH is A PS B RS C SG D SH

Q R E F

Based on the above diagram, the angle between line SF and the plane SRGH is A FSG B FSH C SEH D SFG

Q R E F

The angle between PR and plane PESH is A 543 B 3516 C 45 D 5444

R E F

Based on the above diagram, the angle between plane PQHG and EFGH is A PGE B QGF C QHF D SPH

LINES AND PLANES IN 3DIMENSIONS

LINES -lies on a plane -intersect with a plane

PLANES - Horizontal - inclined - Vertical

ANGLE BETWEEN A LINE AND A PLANE -Normal to plane -Orthogonal projection

ANGLE BETWEEN TWO PLANES -Lines of intersection -Perpendicular line to the line of intersection

CALCULATE THE ANGLE -determine right triangle -use sine, cosine or tangent to calculate the angle