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Y-Axis

Shear -Plane
Chip

Tool

Work-piece

Pn
Ps R

F
R

Px
X-Axis

Pz

Equations can be derived to relate the forces that cannot be measured to the forces that can be measured:
F = N= Ps = Pn= PX cos + PZ sin Pz cos - PX sin PZ cos - PX sin PX cos + PZ sin

Based on these calculated force, shear stress and coefficient of friction can be determined

Coefficient of friction ()

= tan() Where = mean angle of friction at rake surface

Y-Axis

Shear -Plane
Chip

Tool

Work-piece

N F

N Ps

F R
Pz

Px
XAxis

Pn
R

Px

Pz

Shear -Plane Chip

Tool

Work-piece

Ao

As

Ps

XAxis

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