BY:Chandu & group

Hydraulic

systems are everywhere from:

Large

excavation

equipment Steering in your car Shocks Power trains

Using liquids to transfer force

They conform to their

container Practically incompressible Apply pressure in all directions Flow in any direction through lines and hoses.

Liquids for all practical purposes are incompressible.

When

a substance is compressed it generally takes up less space. A liquid does not do this even under large pressures. The space any substance occupies is called displacement.

Gases are compressible

When a gas is compressed

it takes up less space and its displacement is less. For this reason liquids are best used for hydraulic systems.

Hydraulics doing work.

Pascals law Pressure exerted

on a confined liquid is transmitted undiminished in all directions and acts as an equal force on all equal areas. Thus if a force is exerted on any part of a confined liquid the liquid will transmit that force (pressure) in all directions within the system.
In this example a 500 pound force acting upon a piston with a 2 inch radius creates a pressure of 40 psi on the fluid. This same liquid with a pressure of 40 psi acting on a piston with a 3 inch radius can support 1130 pounds.

Pascals Law
To understand how this works we

must understand a very simple but fundamental formula. To find one of the three areas two of the others must be known.
Force The push or pull acting on a body usually expressed in pounds. Pressure The force of the fluid per unit area. Usually expressed in pounds per square inch or psi. Area A measure of surface space. Usually calculated in square inches. To calculate the area of a circle use the formula Area = Pi (3.14) x radius squared.
Ex: For a 2 radius piston A=3.14x(2x2) or A= 12.5 sq. in.

Pascals Law
With the knowledge of the

surface area it is possible to determine how much system pressure will be required to lift a given weight. The pressure needed for a 500 pound given weight is calculated with the formula
Pressure = Forced Area P = 500lbs (force) 12.5 Sp. In. (area) P = 40 psi

Mechanical Advantage
Here we see and example of

how a hydraulic system can create a mechanical advantage. We can calculate the items in question by using the systems known items and Pascals law.
For system pressure we use P=FA
So P=50lbs1sq.in (cylinder #2) P= 50psi

Now we know the system

pressure we can calculate the load force for cylinders 1 & 3 and the piston area for 4. Do

so on a separate piece of paper and wait for instructions.

 Cylinder

One

50psi

Solve for Force

F=P x A F= 50psi x 5 in Cancel out square inches to leave pounds and multiply F = 250lbs.

250 pounds

Cylinder One
Solve for Force
F=P x A F= 50psi x 5 in Cancel out square inches to leave pounds and multiply F = 250lbs.

 Cylinder

Three

Solve for Force

F=P x A F = 50psi x 3in Cancel out square inches to leave pounds and multiply F = 150 pounds 50psi

 Cylinder Three
Solve for Force
F=P x A F = 50psi x 3in Cancel out square inches to leave pounds and multiply 150 F = 150 pounds

pounds

50psi

Cylinder

four

Solve for Area A= F P A = 100 pounds 50 psi Cancel pounds to get in and divide A = 2.0 in

 Cylinder four
Solve for Area
A=FP A = 100 pounds 50 psi Cancel pounds to get in and divide A = 2.0 in

2.0 in

Liquids transfer force equally in all directions and are incompressible To find the area of a circle

Area = Pi (3.14) x radius squared.

PASCAL's Law