The z-Transform: Introduction

Why z-Transform?
1. Many of signals (such as x(n)=u(n), x(n) = (0.5)
n
u(-
n), x(n) = sin(n) etc. ) do not have a DTFT.
2. Advantages like Fourier transform provided:
Solution process reduces to a simple algebraic procedures
The temporal domain sequence output y(n) = x(n)*h(n) can
be represent as Y(z)= X(z)H(z)
Properties of systems can easily be studied and
characterized in z domain (such as stability..)
Topics:
Definition of z Transform
Properties of z- Transform
Inverse z- Transform

Definition of the z-Transform
1. Definition:The z-transform of a discrete-time signal x(n) is defined by


where z = re
jw
is a complex variable. The values of z for which the
sum converges define a region in the z-plane referred to as the
region of convergence (ROC).
2. Notationally, if x(n) has a z-transform X(z), we write


3. The z-transform may be viewed as the DTFT or an exponentially
weighted sequence. Specifically, note that with z = re
jw
, X(z) can be
looked as the DTFT of the sequence r
--n
x(n) and ROC is determined
by the range of values of r of the following right inequation.
ROC & z-plane
Complex z-plane
z = Re(z)+jIm(z) = re
jw
Zeros and poles of X(z)
Many signals have z-transforms that are
rational function of z:



Factorizing it will give:

The roots of the numerator polynomial,
k,
are
referred to as the zeros (o) and
k
are referred
to as poles (x). ROC of X(z) will not contain
poles.
ROC properties
ROC is an annulus or disc in the z-plane centred at the
origin. i.e.
A finite-length sequence has a z-transform with a region
of convergence that includes the entire z-plane except,
possibly, z = 0 and z = . The point z = will be included if
x(n) = 0 for n < 0, and the point z = 0 will be included if x(n) = 0
for n > 0.
A right-sided sequence has a z-transform with a region
of convergence that is the exterior of a circle:
ROC: |z|>
A left-sided sequence has a z-transform with a region of
convergence that is the interior of a circle:
ROC: |z|<
The Fourier Transform of x(n) converges absolutely if
and only if ROC of z-transform includes the unit circle

Properties of Z-Transform
Linearity
If x(n) has a z-transform X(z) with a region of convergence Rx,
and if y(n) has a z-transform Y(z) with a region of convergence
Ry,

and the ROC of W(z) will include the intersection of Rx and Ry,
that is, Rw contains .
Shifting property
If x(n) has a z-transform X(z),
Time reversal
If x(n) has a z-transform X(z) with a region of convergence Rx
that is the annulus , the z-transform of the time-
reversed sequence x(-n) is
and has a region of convergence , which is denoted by

) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( z bY z aX z W n by n ax n w
Z
+ = + =
y x
R R
) ( ) (
0
0
z X z n n x
n Z

| o < < z
) ( ) (
1
z X n x
Z
o | 1 1 < < z
x
R 1
Properties of Z-Transform
Multiplication by an exponential
If a sequence x(n) is multiplied by a complex exponential
n
.

Convolution theorm
If x(n) has a z-transform X(z) with a region of convergence R
x
, and if
h(n) has a z-transform H(z) with a region of convergence R
h
,

The ROC of Y(z) will include the intersection of R
x
and R
h
, that is,
R
y
contains R
x
R
h
.
With x(n), y(n), and h(n) denoting the input, output, and unit-sample
response, respectively, and X(z), Y(x), and H(z) their z-transforms.
The z-transform of the unit-sample response is often referred to as
the system function.
Conjugation
If X(z) is the z-transform of x(n), the z-transform of the complex
conjugate of x(n) is

) ( ) (
1
z X n x
Z n
o o
) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( z H z X z Y n h n x n y
Z
= - =
) ( ) (
- - -
z X n x
Z
Properties of Z-Transform
Derivative
If X(z) is the z-transform of x(n), the z-
transform of is

Initial value theorem
If X(z) is the z-transform of x(n) and x(n) is
equal to zero for n<0, the initial value, x(0),
maybe be found from X(z) as follows:

dz
z dX
z n nx
Z
) (
) (
) ( lim ) 0 ( z X x
z
=