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POWER POINT Transmission Media-New
POWER POINT Transmission Media-New
Principles of Communications
Information Source
Convert the Convert the Electric signal signal into Transmission Media back to the electrical format required format
Information Destination
Information: sound, text, data file, picture, etc Electrical Format: normally in voltage, current or light
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Transmission Media
Metallic Cable
Optical Fiber
Communication Satellite
Mobile
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1. Metallic Cable
Single Wire
Twisted Pair
Coaxial
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used
for
the
signal
A common reference level/point is existed between the transmitter and receiver It is the simplest connection technique but it has high signal loss and is sensitive to noise, interference, and signal reflection It is suitable for short distance and low data rate application (Normally less than 200Kb-meter/s)
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1.3 Coaxial
It consists of a center conductor surrounded by a concentric outer conductor
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1.3 Coaxial
Higher frequency operations than the twisted pair wires, e.g. antenna to TV, RF connections between broads and/or equipments Provides excellent shielding interference at high frequency Very small radiation power/loss The main disadvantages are: expensive and is used in the unbalanced mode against external
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2. Optical Fiber
Optical Communication Link Major Characteristics Light Propagation Configurations Losses Dispersion Laser Source & Photo Detector
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Made of different layer of glass, in cylindrical form Core has higher refractive index than the cladding Light beam travels in the core by means of total internal reflection The whole fiber will be further wrapped by some plastic materials for protection
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n1 sin q1 n2 sin q 2
If n1 > n2, total reflection occurs at the boundary for all values of q1 such that:
n2 q1 q c sin ( ) n1
1
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n0 sin q in n1 sin q1
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Generally light rays enters the fiber from air medium, i.e. n0=1. qin(max) is called the max acceptance angle. It defines the max angle in which external light rays strike the fiber interface and propagate down the fiber.
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NA is a figure of merit that is used to measure the lightgathering or light-collecting ability of an optical fiber. The larger the magnitude of NA, the greater the amount of light accepted by the fiber from the external light source.
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2.4 Configurations
2.4.1 Single-Mode Step Index
Small core diameter so that there is essentially only one path that light may take as it propagates down the fiber There is minimum time dispersion because all rays propagating down the fiber with the same delay time and results in wider bandwidth (i.e. high bit rate) Because of the small central core, it is difficult to couple light into and out of the this type of fiber It is expensive and difficult to manufacture Typical value: 9/125
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2.4 Configurations
2.4.2 Multi-Mode Step Index
Similar to single-mode configuration except that the center core is much larger and allows more light to enter the fiber Since there are many paths that a light ray may follow as it propagates down the fiber, large time dispersion may occur which results in short distance applications or bandwidth reduction Because of the large central core, it is easy to couple light into and out of the this type of fiber It is inexpensive and simple to manufacture Typical value: 62.5/125
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2.4 Configurations
2.4.3 Multi-Mode Graded Index
It is characterized by a center core that has non-uniform refractive index The refractive index is maximum at the center and decreases gradually towards the outer edge The performance is a compromise between single-mode step index fiber and multi-mode step index fiber
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2.5 Losses
Power loss in an optical fiber is probably the most important characteristics of the cable. Losses in the fiber results in a reduction in the light power, and thus reduce the system bandwidth, information rate, efficiency, and overall system capacity. In general, multi-mode fibers tend to have higher attenuation loss than single-mode fibers.
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2.5 Losses
2.5.1 Absorption Losses
Ultraviolet absorption --- It is cause by valence electrons
in the silica material from which fibers are manufactured. Light ionizes the valence electrons into conduction.
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2.5 Losses
2.5.2 Rayleigh Scattering Losses
It is mainly due to the irregularities of the molecular in the fiber which results in local variations in refractive index. The size of it is much smaller than optic wavelength. It causes light rays diffracted. Some of the diffracted rays escape through the cladding and result in power loss. Rayleigh loss follows the l-4 dependence and puts a constraint on using short wavelength like 0.8 mm for long distance applications.
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2.5 Losses
2.5.3 Radiation Losses
Radiation losses are caused predominately by small bends in the fiber.
Microbending is a miniature bend or geometric imperfection along the axis of the fiber which represents a discontinuity in the fiber where Rayleigh scattering can occur.
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2.5 Losses
2.5.3 Radiation Losses
Macrobending (or constant radius bend) refers to large scale bending, such as that which occurs intentionally when pulling the fiber around a corner. As shown in the figure, at some bend radius, q2 becomes smaller than the critical angle and a portion of rays radiate outside.
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2.5 Losses
2.5.4 Coupling Losses
Coupling loss can occur at any of the following three types of optical junctions: light source-to-fiber connections, fiber-to-fiber connections, and fiber-tophotodetector connections.
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2.5 Losses
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2.6 Dispersion
2.6.1 Inter-modal Dispersion
It is also called multi-mode dispersion or waveguide dispersion. Different fiber modes takes different paths.
The time dispersion causes pulse broadening and hence bit rate reduction.
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2.6 Dispersion
2.6.1 Inter-modal Dispersion
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2.6 Dispersion
2.6.2 Intra-modal Dispersion
It is also called material dispersion, where different frequency components of a signal travel with different speed in the fiber. Different frequency components arrived the fiber at different time. The time dispersion causes pulse broadening and hence bit rate reduction.
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2.6 Dispersion
2.6.3 Effect of Time Dispersion
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wavelength
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Both quantum efficiency and Responsivity are used to measure the conversion efficiency of a photodetector
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P i e hf Pl e hc
where P is the received optical power e is the electron charge -1.6x10-19 C h is the Plancks constant 6.63x10-34Js f is the frequency of the photon l is the wavelength of the photon c is the speed of light 3x108 m/s
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i el i.e. R P hc
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3. Communication Satellite
Introduction Satellite Communication System Major Characteristics of a Communication Satellite Satellite Orbits Multiple Access Techniques Direct Broadcasting Global Positioning System
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3.1 Introduction
Long distance wireless communication techniques by using (a) the use of tall antenna towers on the Earth; (b) the use of the Earths atmosphere as a natural reflecting/scattering process
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3.1 Introduction
Long distance wireless communication techniques by using Satellite
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A man-made vehicle that orbits Earth and provides a multitude of communication functions A satellite remains in orbit because the centrifugal force caused by its rotation around the earth is counterbalanced by Earths gravitational force Cover the wide area on the Earth surface Suitable for long distance, direct business networks, , etc applications broadcasting,
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Enable communication for sparsely popular areas, maritime or aeronautical services, .. etc, which are difficult to be accessed by other communication means Complement systems to terrestrial cellular and wire-line
Transmission to and from satellites are categorized as either bus or payload. The bus includes control mechanisms that support the payload operation; the payload is the actual user information Typical Operating bandwidth is from a few 10s kHz to few 10s MHz.
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MEO: Medium Earth Orbit LEO: Low Earth Orbit Inner Van Allen Belt: 1,500km to 5,000km Outer Van Allen Belt: 13,000km to 20,000km
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Time
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Frequency
User 4 User 3 User 2 User 1 User 4 User 2 User 1 User 3 User 3 User 1 User 4 User 2 User 2 User 1 User 3 User 4 User 1 User 4 User 3 User 2 Time
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Frequency
User 1
Time
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High effective radiation power of the satellite transmitter and small-antenna-size/low-cost-receiver of the Earth Station Receivers are used
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Compliment to the terrestrial DAB systems, and with the same format as the terrestrial systems
Provide full coverage for supranational service areas sub-national, national, and
Two systems --- System A (Eureka 147, European system), and System B (USA system)
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The timing information can be used as a synchronization source for telecommunication networks like some digital broadcasting and CDMA networks
The satellite constellation consists of 24 satellites arranged in 6 orbital planes The user terminals are received only
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Reference Website:
http://www.trimble.com/gps/
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4. Mobile
Cellular Concept Basic Network Structure Carrier to Interference Ratio (C/I) Cell Planning Multiple Access Techniques
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Circular cells depicting ideal coverage area (note the overlaps and gaps)
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1-cell cluster
4-cell cluster
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This block diagram is from the Education Department of Hong Kong Principles of Communications
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Base Station (BS): It is the mobile units interface to the network, its antenna is normally mounted on high buildings for outdoor applications, it is connected to Mobile Switching Center via microwave or cable.
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A C R
where A is a constant is a constant called path loss exponent (=4 is normally used for urban areas)
Environment
Free Space Urban area In building line-of-sight
Obstructed in building
Obstructed in factories
4 to 6
2 to 3
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R cell 1
Assume that cell 2 is using the same frequency and has the same transmission power. The distance between cell 1 and cell 2 is approximately D. The interference power at cell 1 is approximately:
A I D
C / I ( D / R)
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5 1 4
6 5 7 4 3 5 4 1 6 5 7 4 3 5
2
6 7D 3
2
6
C/I
(3N ) 6
/2
5 4 1
7 4
3
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For analogue system, (C/I)min ~ 16dB As for the digital system like GSM, (C/I)min ~ 9dB
i.e.
(3 N ) 4 / 2 63 6
if 4-cell cluster is used, each cell has 140/4 = 35 channels max 35 simultaneous users in each cell
with the same cell area, 4-cell cluster can support more traffic
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