DrPRASHANTH NAGARAJ Assistant professor MSRMC DEPARTMENT OF ORTHOPAEDICS

STEM CELL

 Despite

the differences, both cloning and stem cell research are closely linked and may be used together in the laboratory
Cynthia clark

 What

are stem cells? How are they used? Why are they used? Where are they used? When are they used?

A stem cell is an immature or undifferentiated cell which is capable of producing an identical daughter cell. Stem cell possess two properties1)SELF RENEWAL 2) POTENCY

Stem cells are classified based on their source into 1) Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) 2) Foetal stem cells (FSCs) 3) Adult stem cells

i) TOTIPOTENT +EE ii) PLURIPOTENT-EE

eg fertilised egg eg ES cells and EG cells

iii) MULTIPOTENT Lineage eg Mesencymal tissue Iv)OLIGOPOTENT Few cell eg Lymphoid or meloid

V)UNIPOTENT

-One

eg Muscle stem cell

Derived from the epiblast tissue of the inner cell mass (ICM) of a blastocyst or earlier morula stage embryos.

B FGF,FGF2
ES cell

Oct4,nanog,sox2

Also known as somatic stem cells and germ line (giving rise to gametes) stem cells, they can be found in children, as well as adults. Adult stem cell treatments have been successfully used for many years to treat leukemia and related bone/blood cancers through bone marrow transplants.

Human adipose tissue-derived MSCs and muscle derived MSCs have also been described as a source of osteoproductive cells for improved healing of critical bone defects.

Physeal injury in a growing child often results in formation of bony bridges that eventually lead to angular deformities or shortening. More recently, cultured autologous chondrocytes and MSCs from bone marrow have been shown to repair large physeal defects leading to significant reduction in growth arrest.

Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) is a genetic disorder caused by defects in type I collagen. MSCs transferred in a bone marrow graft may play a potential role in the cure for OI.

Pereira et al

Injured articular cartilage has poor potential for repair due to its avascular nature. Autologous chondrocyte implantation (ACI) is a biological attempt to regenerate normal articular cartilage.

Once injured, tendons and ligaments produce inferior quality repair tissue due to their limited regenerative ability. Application of a collagen gel loaded with MSCs in a rabbit achilles and patellar tendon defect resulted in improvement of structure, biomechanics, and function.

Rodeo et al

Meniscal repair following intra-articular injection of MSCs has also shown improvement in meniscal wound healing; even in avascular areas, there was production of an abundant extracellular matrix contributed to meniscal repair.

Repair of the spinal cord is a very complex process that includes restoring or enhancing local spinal reflex arcs and reconnecting regenerating axons. Evidence of axonal regeneration and functional recovery has been seen in animal models of spinal cord injury. Akayama et al

Pleuripotent cell derived from specific cell lineage Types of stem cells Derivation of stem cells Application in medical field Application in orthopedic field Future holds promise!

http://stemcells.nih.gov/info/scireport/2001report.htm http://www.ulb.ac.be/sciences/biodic/biodic/images/bi o_animale/embryologie/fecondation/baefec_01_01.jpg http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?rid=mboc4 .figgrp.3748 http://www.news.wisc.edu/packages/stemcells/illustrat ion.html http://www.drugs.com/enc/images/images/en/17010.j pg http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Notes/placenta.ht m http://www.dnalc.org/stemcells.html http://gslc.genetics.utah.edu/units/stemcells/