INTRODUCTION

TO POWER QUALITY
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DEFINATION
There can be completely different definitions for power quality, depending on ones frame of reference. A utility may define power quality as reliability and show statistics demonstrating that its system is 99.98 percent reliable. A manufacturer of load equipment may define power quality as those characteristics of the power supply that enable the equipment to work properly. Power quality is ultimately a consumer-driven issue, and the end users point of reference takes precedence.
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DEFINATION

Any power problem manifested in voltage, current, or frequency deviations that results in failure or misoperation of customer equipment.

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COMPARISON
Results of survey conducted by the Georgia Power Company. (what causes power quality problems?)

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COMPARISON
The utilitys and customers perspectives are often much different. While both tend to blame about two-thirds of the events on natural phenomena (e.g., lightning), customers, much more frequently than utility personnel, think that the utility is at fault. Example is a momentary fault in the system that causes the voltage to dip briefly at the location of the customer. This might cause an adjustable-speed drive or a distributed generator to trip off, but the utility will have no indication for this.
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COMPARISON
Electronic components can degrade over time due to repeated transient voltages and eventually fail due to a relatively low magnitude event. Thus, it is sometimes difficult to associate a failure with a specific cause. It is not always economical to eliminate power quality variations on the supply side. In many cases, the optimal solution to a problem may involve making a particular piece of sensitive equipment less sensitive to power quality variations.
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CONCLUSION
There is no single accepted definition of quality power. There are standards for voltage and other technical criteria that may be measured, but the ultimate measure of power quality is determined by the performance and productivity of end-user equipment. If the electric power is inadequate for those needs, then the quality is lacking.

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Power Quality = Voltage Quality

It is actually the quality of the voltage that is being addressed in most cases. Technically, power is the rate of energy delivery and is proportional to the product of the voltage and current. The power supply system can only control the quality of the voltage; it has no control over the currents that particular loads might draw. Therefore, the standards in the power quality area are devoted to maintaining the supply voltage within certain limits.
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Current-Voltage
Of course, there is always a close relationship between voltage and current in any practical power system. For example, The current resulting from a short circuit causes the voltage to sag or disappear completely, as the case may be. Currents from lightning strokes passing through the power system cause high-impulse voltages that frequently flash over insulation and lead to other phenomena, such as short circuits. Distorted currents from harmonic-producing loads also distort the voltage as they pass through the system impedance. Thus a distorted voltage is presented to other end users.
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CONCLUSION
Therefore, while it is the voltage with which we are ultimately concerned, we must also address phenomena in the current to understand the basis of many power quality problems.

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Why Are We Concerned about Power Quality?

Economic value. There are economic impacts on utilities, their customers, and suppliers of load equipment. There is big money associated with these disturbances. Momentary utility breaker operation may result in a $10,000 loss to an average-sized industry by shutting down a production line that requires 4 hours to restart. Meeting customer expectations and maintaining customer confidence are strong motivators. Individual interests, public interest.
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Terms and Definitions

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1. Transients
The term transients has long been used in the analysis of power system variations to denote an event that is undesirable and momentary in nature. A transient is that part of the change in a variable that disappears during transition from one steady state operating condition to another. Another word in common usage that is often considered synonymous with transient is surge. Broadly speaking, transients can be classified into two categories, impulsive and oscillatory.

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1.1 Impulsive transient

An impulsive transient is a sudden, nonpower frequency change in the steady-state condition of voltage, current, or both that is unidirectional in polarity (primarily either positive or negative). Impulsive transients are normally characterized by their rise and decay times, which can also be revealed by their spectral content. The most common cause of impulsive transients is lightning.
Distorted currents from harmonic-producing loads also distort the voltage as they pass through the system impedance. Thus a distorted voltage is presented to other end users.

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1.1 Impulsive transient

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1.2 Oscillatory transients

An oscillatory transient is a sudden, nonpower frequency change in the steady-state condition of voltage, current, or both, that includes both positive and negative polarity values. An oscillatory transient consists of a voltage or current whose instantaneous value changes polarity rapidly. It is described by its spectral content (predominate frequency), duration, and magnitude. Oscillatory transients with a primary frequency component greater than 500 kHz and a typical duration measured in microseconds (or several cycles of the principal frequency) are considered high-frequency transients. These transients are often the result of a local system response to an impulsive transient.
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1.2 Oscillatory transients

A transient with a primary frequency component between 5 and 500 kHz with duration measured in the tens of microseconds (or several cycles of the principal frequency) is termed a mediumfrequency transient. Back-to-back capacitor energization results in oscillatory transient currents in the tens of kilohertz as illustrated in Fig. 2.2. A transient with a primary frequency component less than 5 kHz, and a duration from 0.3 to 50 ms, is considered a low-frequency transient. Oscillatory transients with principal frequencies less than 300 Hz can also be found on the distribution system. These are generally associated with ferroresonance and transformer energization

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1.2 Oscillatory transients

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2. Long-Duration Voltage Variations

Long-duration variations encompass root-mean-square (rms) deviations at power frequencies for longer than 1 min. Voltage variation is considered to be long duration when the limits are exceeded for greater than 1 min.

Long-duration variations can be either overvoltages or undervoltages.

Overvoltages and undervoltages generally are not the result of system faults, but are caused by load variations on the system and system switching operations.
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2.1 Overvoltage
An overvoltage is an increase in the rms ac voltage greater than 110 percent at the power frequency for a duration longer than 1 min. Overvoltages are usually the result of load switching (e.g., switching off a large load or energizing a capacitor bank). The overvoltages result because either the system is too weak for the desired voltage regulation or voltage controls are inadequate. Incorrect tap settings on transformers can also result in system overvoltages.
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2.2 Undervoltage
An undervoltage is a decrease in the rms ac voltage to less than 90 percent at the power frequency for a duration longer than 1 min. Undervoltages are the result of switching events that are the opposite of the events that cause overvoltages. Overloaded circuits can result in undervoltages . The term brownout is often used to describe sustained periods of undervoltage initiated as a specific utility dispatch strategy to reduce power demand. A load switching on or a capacitor bank switching off can cause an undervoltage until voltage regulation equipment on the system can bring the voltage back to within tolerances.
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2.3 Sustained interruptions

When the supply voltage has been zero for a period of time in excess of 1 min, the long-duration voltage variation is considered a sustained interruption. Voltage interruptions longer than 1 min are often permanent and require human intervention to repair the system for restoration.

This term has been defined to be more specific regarding the absence of voltage for long periods.
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3. Short-Duration Voltage Variations

This category encompasses the IEC category of voltage dips and short interruptions. Each type of variation can be designated as instantaneous, momentary, or temporary, depending on its duration as defined in Table 2.2. Short-duration voltage variations are caused by fault conditions, the energization of large loads which require high starting currents, or intermittent loose connections in power wiring. Depending on the fault location and the system conditions, the fault can cause either temporary voltage drops (sags), voltage rises (swells), or a complete loss of voltage (interruptions). In either case, the impact on the voltage during the actual fault condition is of the short-duration variation until protective devices operate to clear the fault.
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3. Short-Duration Voltage Variations

3.1 Interruption

3.2 Sags (dips) 3.3 Swells

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