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Biochemistry Analyzer
Biochemistry Analyzer
INTRODUCTION
SD Urocolor are plastic strips which are attached several separate reagent areas. Test results may provide information regarding the status of carbohydrate metabolism, kidney and liver function, acid-base balance & urinary tract infection.
The results of a urine dipstick test may point to a diagnosis of urinary tract infection (UTI), kidney disease, diabetes, or a urinary tract injury. If test results are abnormal, other tests will be needed before a definite diagnosis can be made.
PRINCIPLE
PRINCIPLE
Determine the intensity of different colors on the reagent strip test area. It does this
by irradiating the test area with light and detecting the refectance of different wavelengths using an integrated sphere photo-detector. This photo-detector is filtered to measure wavelengths of 550nm, 620nm, and 720nm using the integrated sphere. 720nm is the reference wavelength and the combination of 550nm and 620nm light is used to differentiate between the different color combinations used in the urine
strips.
Results are calculated by a refection rate (R%) which is a percentage of the total refectance of the testing wavelength and are printed automatically. If the intensity of color on the strip is high then the refectance will be low conversely if the intensity of the color is low then the refectance will be high.
Testing Method
a) Dipsticks may be removed from the air tight, light sealed containers. It is important not to touch the reagent areas of the strip as this may alter test results. b) Each reagent area should be immersed in urine by dipping. c) The excess urine should be removed to prevent dilution of reagents or mixing of reagents between pads. This can be achieved by tilting the strip and allowing the urine to run off the edges. While blotting excess urine, ensure the chemicals from the different tests do not mix.
Certain oxidizing contaminants such as hypochlorite may produce false positive results.
Microbial peroxidase associated with urinary tract infection may cause a false positive reaction.
BILIRUBIN Test strip contains : Sodium Nitrate 13 mcg, Substitute aniline diazonium salt. PRINCIPLE: Based on azo-coupling reaction of bilirubin with a diazonium salt in a acid medium to form an azodye. The resulting color ranges from white to dark pink.
Nitrate concentration of 0.1 mg% or greater may cause a false negative reaction.
UROBILINOGEN
PROTEIN Test strip contains: Tetrabromophenol blue 2 mcg. PRINCIPLE: When pH is held constant by a buffer, indicator dyes release H+ ions because of protein presence. False positive results may be found in strongly basic urine.
ASCORBIC ACID Test strip contain: 2,6-Dichlorophenol Indophenol 0.75 mg. PRINCIPLE: This test is based on reduction / oxidation reaction of ascorbic acid with thiazine, oxazine compounds.
Normal urine is typically light yellow and clear without any cloudiness. Obvious abnormalities in the color, clarity and cloudiness may suggest possibility of:
An infection (cloudy urine) Dehydration (dark urine color) Red blood in the urine also referred to as hematuria (red urine color) Liver disease (urine the color of tea) Breakdown of muscle (orange or tea colored urine)
Interpretations of Urinalysis
Urine pH The pH of urine is another one of the urinalysis values that can help doctors determine if a medical problem exists. Normal urine pH ranges from 5.0 to 9.0. Any urinalysis values outside of that range can indicate a problem with acidity or alkalinity. If the PH level of the urine is low, the urinalysis values for nitrates can be affected. Low pH can lead to a false negative for nitrites, which means that nitrites won't show up on the urinalysis even if they are present. Nitrites Nitrite levels are also tested with the urinalysis. These values can be elevated when bacteria are found in the urinary tract. However, urinalysis results for nitrites can be affected by many issues. False negatives can be caused by other infections, lack of available nitrates, and a quick conversion of nitrites to nitrogen. As mentioned above, low pH can also cause a false negative.
SUMMARY
Parameter Expected Results Interpretation of Results Causes of False Positives (or Increase) moderate to high levels of protein glucose in urine Causes of False Negatives (or Decrease) alkaline urine
Specific Gravity pH
1.005 to 1.065 5.0 to 6.0 Acidic: meat diet; acidosis; low chloride; acidifying agents Alkaline: vegetable based diet; bacterial infection; alkalosis; urine exposed to air for extended times; administration of alkalinizing agents; postprandial tide
Glucose
Negative to Trace Positive: Chronic or transient hyperglycemia; post administration of certain drugs; rarely-fanconi-like syndrome Negative to Trace hemorrhage; urinary infection; intravascular hemolysis; renal disease Negative
Protein Blood
hydrogen peroxide; bleach ascorbic acid; ketones; increased specific gravity; cold urine; expired reagent strips alkaline urine; disinfectant dilute or acidic urine residue
Positive: hematuria: trauma, infection, inflammation, bleach contamination; high poorly mixed urine infarction, calculi, neoplasia, or coagulopathy levels of bromide or iodide; hemoglobinuria: myoglobinuria bitch in heat Positive: can be normal in dogs; ALWAYS abnormal in high doses of cats; indicates liver disease, bile duct obstruction, chlorpromazine; etodolac starvation; hemolysis; pyrexia metabolites ascorbic acid; nitrates
Bilirubin
Negative