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Anatomy of Digestive System!!
Anatomy of Digestive System!!
Digestive System
Digestive System
Six major subdivisions Oral cavity Pharynx Esophagus Stomach Small & large intestine Rectum
Digestive System
Oral Cavity
Begins at mouth, ends at pharynx Tongue in floor of cavity Palate in roof of cavity Primary palate Secondary palate Teeth
Palates
Ex: Salamander
Internal nares
Figure 11.3: Oral cavity of amphibian (a) and mammal (b).
On jaws normally Cheeks in mammals form pocket Acrodont teeth- fish and snakes Bicuspid- amphibians Tricuspid- lizards Pleurodont teeth- snakes Thecodont teethcrocodilians
Teeth
Used for storage- rodents and squirrels Modified placoid scales- sharks Polyhyodont- permanent replacement of teeth Diphyodont- two sets of teeth Monophyodont- one set of teeth
Bird Teeth
Reptilian Teeth
Aglyphous- no modifications for venom delivery Solenoglyphous- retractable teeth, fangs Proteroglyphous- fangs in front of mouth Opisthoglyphous- fangs in back of mouth
Figure 11.8: Position, cross and longitudinal sections of aglyphous (1), opisthoglyphous (2), and solenoglyphous (3) fangs.
Mammalian Teeth
Incisors
For cutting Ex: elephant tusks For piercing Ex: walrus tusks
Canines
To matriculate food
Figure 11.9: Mammalian teeth specializations.
Mammalian Teeth
Dental Formula
Catarrhines and humans have 2-1-2-3=16 x 2 = 32 total teeth Canines: 3-1-4-2 and 3-1-4-3 If 0 is present, diastema is present
Tongue
Frog- tongue shoots out and draws back Glandular field secretes sticky fluid
Immobile tongue- turtles, crocs, and some birds Flexible tongue- nectar feeding bats and snakes
Oral Glands
Swifts
Pharynx
Pharynx
Glottis-slit to larynx
Covered by epiglottis
Pharynx further subdivided for food and air passage Foramen cecum- groove on back of tongue
Pharynx
Figure 11.15: (a) Upper respiratory tract of human showing pharynx regions and (b) hyoid and larynx.
Esophagus
Muscular tube connecting pharynx and stomach Can be short Crop- specialization in birds
Outpocketing of esophagus Used to store food Pigeons milk
Stomach
Esophageal-like epithelia Glandular epithelia 4 chambers: rumen, reticulum, omasum, abomasum Cardiac sphincter- esophagus meets stomach Mostly lined with gastric epithelium
Figure 11.17: Stomach of mammals with esophageal-like epithelia in gray and glandular epithelia in red.
Ruminant stomach
Human stomach
Stomach Structure
4-Chambered Stomachs
Bacterial action
Salivary action
Small Intestine
Duodenum- 1st segment Bile and pancreatic ducts Jejunum and Ileum subdivisions
Small Intestine
Brunners Glands- mucous glands in duodenum and jejunum Peyers Patches- lymphatic nodules in ileum Crypts of Lieberkhns- intestinal glands at base of villi Lacteals- within villiinterior lymphatic vessels
Small Intestine
Figure 11.20: Histology of alimentary canal of a mammal showing various glands of small intestine.
Large Intestine
Fish and amphibians - straight and short Amniotes- divided into colon and rectum Ileocecal valve- allows passage from small intestine into large Sigmoid flexure- S-shaped region at rectum Cecum- aids in absorption
Terminates at vermiform appendix Cloaca- common chamber for digestive, urinary, and reproductive products to empty (includes monotremes)
Figure 11.21: Large intestine of human.
Liver
Pancreas
Pancreas diverticulum of gut Duct of Santorini- small, dorsal pancreas Duct of Wirsung- large, ventral pancreas Accessory duct- large duct after small, dorsal duct disappears Exocrine and endocrine glands
Literature Cited
Figure 11.1, 11.3, 11.4, 11.5, 11.10, 11.15, 11.16, 11.17, 11.18 & 11.22- Kent, George C. and Robert K. Carr. Comparative Anatomy of the Vertebrates. 9th ed. McGraw-Hill, 2001. Figure 11.2- http://www.mouth-cancer-symptoms.com/ Figure 11.6- http://gargravarr.cc.utexas.edu/owl/2002/ Figure 11.7- http://www.proexotics.com/collection_nonPE9.html Figure 11.8- http://www.kingsnake.com/reptilia-italia/My_HomePage_file/snakesgeneral.htm Figure 11.9- http://www.okc.cc.ok.us/biologylabs/Documents/zoology/22 Figure 11.11- http://www2.worldbook.com/features/reptiles/html/body_senorg.html Figure 11.12- http://www.rspb.org.uk/birds/whatyoucando/attracthousemartins/index.asp Figure 11.13- http://people.eku.edu/ritchisong/342notes7.html Figure 11.14- http://www.cortexity.com:8080/nicksblog/ Figure 11.19- http://www.yoursurgery.com/ProcedureDetails.cfm?BR=1&Proc=49 Figure 11.20- Kardong, K. Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution. McGraw Hill, 2002. Figure 11.21- http://www.becomehealthynow.com/popups/lrg_intest.htm