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Anatomy &physiology of Small Animals!!!
Anatomy &physiology of Small Animals!!!
Anatomy &physiology of Small Animals!!!
4.
5. 6. 7.
Cheek- fleshy side of the face Dewlap- loose skin under the chin Elbow- upper joint of the front leg Flank- fleshy part of the side Foot pad- part that the animal walks on Forearm- front limb just below the elbow Guard hair- longer course hair above the shorter under fur (protection)
10. 11.
Hock- tarsal joint halfway up the hind limb Lion- fleshy part of the side under the spinal column Muzzle- projecting jaw (nose and mouth) Nose pad
Tip of the nose Used for investigating food and unfamiliar objects Called the nose leather in cats
14.
15. 16.
Rump- upper rounded part of the hindquarter Shoulder- above the elbow of the fore leg Stifle- joint above the hock Thigh- area between the rump and hock Whiskers- long hairs growing near the mouth
Crown
top of the head feathers covering the ears upper or lower segment of the bill
Orbital ring
Brille
Fins
Web of skin supported with bone or cartilage rods Enables fish to move through water
Gills
Major organ of the respiratory system Breath without lungs Modified portion of the epidermal layer Provides protection Epidermal scales found on turtles
4.
Scales
5.
Scutes
Skeletal System
Axial
skeleton
column
vertebral
Ribs
Sternum
skull
Dog Skeleton
http://images.encarta.msn.com/xrefmedia/aencmed/targets/illus/ilt/000f09ca.gif
Dog Skeleton
http://www.ndsu.nodak.edu/instruct/tcolvill/135/images/S23.GIF
Skeletal System
Pectoral
front
limb
limbs
shoulders,
legs and feet scapula (shoulder blade) humerus (arm) radius and ulna (forearm) carpals, metacarpals and phalanges (toes)
http://www.uoguelph.ca/~mammals/CatSkeleton.jpg
http://www.biology.ualberta.ca/courses.hp/zoo.225/Catskeleton.jpeg
Skeletal System
Pelvic
rear
limb
legs and pelvic bones
hooks pin
bones femur (upper leg bone) tibia and fibula (lower leg bones) Tarsals (hocks) Metatarsals (feet) Phalanges (toes)
Rabbit Skeleton
http://www.ext.vt.edu/pubs/foods/458-878/rabbit.gif
Rabbit Skeleton
http://www.avte.net/AVTE2003/contents/anatomy/lab%20animal/rabbit_skeleton.jpg
Skeletal System-Birds
Have
have a skull bone that elongates toward the front of the head Some have a skull with an upper beak fused to it while other birds have hinges on both upper and lower mandibles giving it more flexibility
http://www.enchantedlearning.com/subjects/birds/printouts/Skeleton.shtml
Circulatory System
Myocardium
second
layer muscle that makes up the thickness of the heart layer inside myocardium
Endocardium
thin
Epicardium
thin
Other parts of the circulatory system are the arteries, capillaries, veins and blood
Heart
Circulatory System
waste
Protects
injury
rids the body of waste maintain chemical composition volume of blood regulates tissue fluid
breaks
Nutrients
Lungs
Part
oxygen
is taken in by the nose, passed on to the lungs and then goes into the blood
Nervous System
of all body activities Regulates other systems Controls memory and learning
Reproductive system
Ovaries
Egg
and testes
Sperm
Help
Muscular System
Muscles
Movement
Posture
Support Produces
heat
Nutrition
Nutrient-
single group of foods of the same general chemical composition that supports animal life There are six basic nutrient
Water
More
important nutrient than any other nutrient makes up 55-65% of an animals body
Water
Aides
in digestion Transports nutrients Regulates body temperature Carries waste from the body Supports respiration
Proteins
Complex
nutrients composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen Develop and repairing body organs and tissues
muscles,
Proteins
Production
of milk, wool, and eggs Reproduction process of the developing fetus Developing the young Transmitting DNA
Carbohydrates
Converting of food into energy Made up of chemical elements
Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Carbohydrates
Production of heat for body warmth Stores fat Types of carbohydrates
Sugars
Starch fiber
Fats
Chemical
Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen
elements of
Same
Fats
Fats
A,
Vitamins
Organic
A,B,
Needed
in small amounts
Vitamins
Regulation
Digestive
of body glands
The chemical processes occurring within a living cell or organism that are necessary for the maintenance of life. In metabolism some substances are broken down to yield energy for vital processes while other substances, necessary for life, are synthesized.
Minerals
Supply
the material for building the skeleton and producing regulators such as enzymes and hormones Divided into 2 groups
Macro
Micro
major minerals needed in largest quantity and most likely lacking in the ration
Micro
Nine
Macro-minerals
Phosphorus
Calcium
Potassium Sodium
and chlorine
Sulfur Magnesium
Micro-minerals
Iron
Iodine Copper Cobalt Manganese
Zinc
Molybdenum Selenium Fluorine
Nutrient Deficiencies
Nutrition
Process
Nutrient
substance
Nutrient Deficiencies
Slow growth
Water deficiency
Overheating slowdown in
Carbohydrates
lack of energy Lack of normal body loss of body heat
functions
Nutrient Deficiencies
Proteins
Normal
growth development and repairing of body organs ex: muscles, nerves, skin, hair, hooves, and feathers suffers Protein deficiency may result
Anorexia Anemia Edema Slow growth rate Low birth weight of young Lower milk production Decreased feed efficiency
Nutrient Deficiencies
Fats
Provides
body functions will suffer when vitamins are lacking Depends on the vitamins in question
Nutrient Deficiencies
Mineral
low
deficiency
rate of gains poor feed efficiency decreased reproduction decrease in milk, meat, eggs, and wool production
Ruminants
Considered
Ruminants
as forage consuming
Food
http://www.ca.uky.edu/agripedia/Classes/ASC106/media/RUMEN.GIF
Four compartments
Rumen
largest
aids
Rumen Papillae
Reticulum
Second
aides
compartment
Also
Reticulum
http://www.cvmbs.colostate.edu/ilm/outreach/necropsy/images/reticulum1.jpg
Reticulum
http://arbl.cvmbs.colostate.edu/hbooks/pathphys/digestion/herbivores/retic.jpg
Omasum
Third
compartment
removes
Omasum
http://courses.washington.edu/vertebra/453/photos/gut_photos/m ammal_digestive_photos.htm
Abomasum
Fourth compartment Referred to as the true stomach
Breaks
http://www.yourdictionary.com/images/ahd/jpg/A4abomas.jpg
Non-Ruminants
Single-stomached
Mono-gastric
includes
Cats Dogs
Rabbits
Birds
Rabbits
Non-ruminant
Consumes
herbivores
large amounts of
roughage Large cecum and colon between the small and large intestines
contains
bacteria
http://courses.washington.edu/vertebra/453/photos/gut_photos/mammal_digestive_photos.htm
Rabbits
Rabbits
Coprophagy
Usually
morning Makes use of undigested material so they can make full use of bacteria in cecum
Birds
Lack
teeth
is added to aid in swallowing
little breakdown in the mouth
Saliva
Very
Gizzard
Largest
http://www.biologycorner.com/resources/bird_anatomy.jpg
Primary
site of absorption
Large Intestine
Absorption
vary
Some
http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/resources/Grzimek_fish/structure_function/digestive_system.jpg/medium.jpg
Nutrient Use
Maintenance
keeping
Nutrient Use
Reproduction
failures
are a major result from poor nutrition Contains a large amount of protein, minerals, and vitamins Improper nutrition can affect conception rates and breeding ability
Reproduction
Babies
that are underweight at birth, or which become an aborted fetus are often the result of improper nutrition to female during gestation
Nutrient Use
Lactation
time
during which females are producing milk Requires the proper nutrients to have large milk production
Lactation
Diet
high in protein, calcium, and phosphorus. The same nutrients contained in the milk are the same needed by a lactating female
Nutrient Use
Work
and activity
Increased
amounts of fats and carbohydrates are needed in a working diet to supply the extra energy needed Hunting dogs need special diets because they require energy to chase after game
Feeding Terminology
Diet
Feed
Feeding Terminology
Feed
classifications
(or forages)
up of leaves and the plants tender
Roughages
made
stems
Feeding Terminology
Concentrates
recommended
High
protein
Feeding Terminology
Supplements
contains
a specific nutrient
Ration
feed
Specific Diets
Dogs
need diet higher in protein than adults and food intake is regulated by activity Cats need 2X the protein of dogs
10%
Rabbits
Pellet
Pocket Pets
Best
to use pellet type commercial feed If mixing ration; should have a wide range of food
Pocket Pets
Gerbils
Little
Rats
can
Ferrets
Pocket Pets
Mice
Guinea
need
pigs
Tadpoles Turtles
Pieces
(in captivity)
grown can learn to eat canned dog Variety of insects Baby rodents Frogs and toads
Lizards
Most
eat insects
Birds
Diet
mostly consists of seeds Including cereal seeds and oil seeds Fruit and nectar birds
eat
Fish
temperature
Fish
Amount fish is fed should be amount it can eat in a few minutes to avoid contaminating water Smaller fish
Flaked
food
Larger Fish
Shrimp Krill Plankton
Sexual Reproduction
Insemination
Male
Female
Trout Spermatozoa
http://www.rennes.inra.fr/scribe/images/spermato.jpg
Sexual Terminology
Conception
Creation
Estrus
Heat
http://www.clas.ufl.edu/jur/199912/images/balaguer_4.jpg
Sexual Terminology
Gestation
Period
Ovulation
Release
Parturition
Process
Ovary
Primary
Embryo
Developing Mammals
young
Uterus
Place
Cervix
Part
Vagina
Reproductive Urine
passageway
Vulva
External
Testicle
Primary
Controls temperature
Sheath
Fold
Gestation
General Characteristics
Increase
appetite Restlessness
End of gestation
End of Gestation
box
One to three weeks prior Helps them to get comfortable with the setting
Gestation Period
Species
Cats Dogs Rabbits Hamsters Gerbils Rats Mice Guinea Pig Ferrets
Period (days) 51-65 (7-9 weeks) 56-70 (9-10 weeks) 28-32 (4-4.5 weeks) 30-32 16 21-24 21-24 56-74 42