Introduction to Petrography

Week #2
Assistants : Feisal Dirgantara

 what weve learned from last week

How to learn petrology

Outcrop Hand sample Thin section Chemistry Experimental Studies

Importance of petrography
Petrogenesa Mineral composition and abundance What have altered after lithification Environmental of Deposition Type of deposition Post lithification structure, e.g stylolite, bioturbation, karstification

Light as wave-particle duality

Light as wave
Radiated energy which vibrates at certain angle to the direction of motion Important characteristics : Amplitude Frequency Wave length
C = f. :: Light as wave-approach is the basis for petrography analysis

Light as particle

Oxygen (8O)

When a photon is created, the light particle comes in and hits the electron so that it moves to the next energy cloud Due to instability of energy, the electron will bounce back to originial energy state and emits photon away

Snells Law
air

2
Qz

2 : 1 = C2 : C1 = 2 : 1 C = f.

Lights polarization

Normally, a light vibrates in circular polarization. A polarizer will adjust light wave to move in a specific polarization without changing its characteristic (wavelength, amplitude, speed, frequency).

Petrography microscope

Glossary in petrography
anisotropic mineral: A mineral with more than one principal refractive index.

birefringence: The mathematical difference between the largest and smallest refractive index for an anisotropic mineral.
biaxial mineral: A mineral with three principal refractive indices and two optic axes. Its indicatrix is a triaxial ellipsoid. dispersion: Change of any optical property with wavelength.

indicatrix: The three-dimensional surface describing the variation in refractive index with relationship to vibration direction of incident light.

 optical orientation: The relationship between a mineral's crystallographic axes and optical indicatrix.
pleochroism: The property of exhibiting different colors as a function of the vibration direction. uniaxial mineral: A mineral with two principal refractive indices and one optic axis. Its indicatrix is a prolate or oblate ellipsoid. optical class: One of five possible classes (different indicatrices) to which a mineral can belong: isotropic, uniaxial +/-, or biaxial +/-. isotropic mineral: A mineral with the same refractive index regardless of vibration direction. Its indicatrix is a sphere.

Igneous Petrography

Week #2
Assistants : Sony Adam, Ragil Yuni

PPL

1) Light passes through the lower polarizer

west (left)

Unpolarized light

Plane polarized light PPL

east (right)

Only the component of light vibrating in E-W direction can pass through lower polarizer light intensity decreases

XPL
2) Insert the upper polarizer
west (left) north (back)

south (front) east (right)

XPL (crossed nicols or crossed polars)

Black! extinct

Now what happens? What reaches your eye?

Why would anyone design a microscope that prevents light from reaching your eye?

XPL

3) Now insert a thin section of a rock

west (left)

Unpolarized light east (right)

Light vibrating E-W

Light and colors reach eye!

Light vibrating in many planes and with many wavelengths

Photomicrograph
Conclusion has to be that minerals somehow reorient the planes in which light is vibrating; some light passes through the upper polarizer

PPL

XPL

What are you looking for in

PPL
Color Cleavage Habit

XPL
Grain boundaries Twinning Birefringence

Color
Color is observed only in PPL Not an inherent property - changes with light type/intensity Results from selective absorption of certain l of light

hbl plag

-Plagioclase is colorless -Hornblende is olive greens

Cleavage
No cleavages: 1 good cleavage: 2 good cleavages: quartz, olivine micas pyroxenes, amphiboles

Cleavage
2 cleavages intersecting at ~90 pyroxene

120

2 cleavages intersecting at 60/120: amphibole

60

Habits
anhedral/irregular

elongate euhedral fibrous prismatic tabular

Habits
anhedral/irregular

elongate euhedral fibrous prismatic tabular

Birefringence, XPL Color Spectrum

Twinning
Not only in hand samples Under the microscope
Parts will be extinct while the other will show a true XPL color Very common in Plagioclase Feldspar

Degree of Crystallization
Holocrystalline - composed wholly of crystals Hypocrystalline - contains both glass and crystals Holohayline - consists entirely of glass

Holokristalin

Granular Texture
Panidiomorphic-granular (automorphic-granular) - the chief
minerals are euhedral

Hypidiomorphic-granular (hypautomorphic-granular or granitic) some constituents are euhedral, some subhedra, and the rest anhedral

Allotriomorphic-granular (xenomorphic-granular or aplitic or

sugary or saccaharoidal ) almost all of the constituents are anhedral

Porfiro-aphanitic

Phaneritic

Quartz

Plagioclase & K-Feldspar

Biotite

Muscovite

Hornblende

Pyroxene (CPX & OPX)

Olivine

PPL Mineral Warna Belahan Habit Anhedra Irregular Tabular Tabular Tabular Tabular Any Anhedra Any Anhedra Any Anhedra Tabular Anhedra Anhedra Twinning

XPL Birefringence 1st Abu - Putih 1st 1st - Abu Up to 2nd Red Up to 2nd Red Up to mid 2nd Up to 1st Yellow Up to high 2nd Up to high 3rd Black Black

QZ
PLAG KSPAR BIO MUS HRB

Colorless
Colorless Colorless Abu Coklat Hijau Colorless Hijau Coklat

1 1 2 (60)

Ya Ya -

OPX
CPX OLV G OPQ

Colorless
Colorless Colorless Colorless Black

2 (90)
2 (90) -

Komposisi Mineral: 60% Olivin. PPL: Tidak berwarna, Belahan poor, Habit: euhedral. XPL: No Twinning, Interferensi orde 2 sampai 3.

25% Plagioklas menjadi massa dasar. 15% Mineral Opaque. PPL: Warna hitam, habit: subhedral. XPL: Tak tembus/Orde 1, hadir setempat-setempat dalam sayatan

Tekstur: Teksturnya adalah holokristalin, karena sebagian besar kristal Komponen kristalnya porfiritik pada massa dasar yang afanitik Fenokrisnya olivin yang euhedra sampai subhedra, dan beberapa plagioklas yang anhedra Tekstur granularitasnya panidiomorfik granular.

Sedimentary Petrography

Week #2
Assistants : Paula Ascariyani E Agung Dwi A.

Siliciclastics

Petrografi Batuan Sedimen

Jenis dari Batuan sedimen, berdasarkan mekanisme sedimentasinya Dentrital Nondentrital / Authigenic

Komposisi batuan sedimen, dilihat dari batuan induknya

Menunjukkan bagian besar yang sama dari sedimen dentrital. Karena Diagenesis , maka batuan memiliki bentuk yang benar2 berbeda dari batuan induknya. Terlihat komposisi batuan berupa mineral yang stabil seperti Quartz, Mica, dan Feldspar.

Akibat Transportasi dan Deposisi

perubahan fisik dari batuan, perubahan dari bentuk, ukuran, dan derajat kebolaan. Karena proses sortasi dan abrasi.

perubahan fisik dari batuan, perubahan dari bentuk, ukuran, dan derajat kebolaan. Karena proses sortasi dan abrasi.

Akibat Transportasi dan Deposisi

Partikel ukuran paling besar dan densitas besar, akan terdeposisi pertama kali. Perubahan secara fisik ini akan terlihat dan mencirikan tekstur dari batuan sedimen.

UKURAN BUTIR

UKURAN BUTIR
Ukuran butir akan menunjukkan energi pengendapan Ukuran kecil = energi kecil Ukuran besar = energi besar Ketika aliran sedikit memelan, hanya kan mengendapkan partikel yg terbesar dan mengendapkan sedimen dengan sortasi yang baik. Ketika aliran semakin pelan, akan mengendapkan partikel sedimen dg ukuran yg bervariasi (semua ukuran, diatas kompetensi yg baru), dan akan mengendapkan sedimen dg sortasi buruk.

SORTASI DAN BENTUK BUTIR

 1. SORTASI

 2. BENTUK BUTIR

HUBUNGAN ANTAR BUTIR

HUBUNGAN ANTAR BUTIR

Line of Traverse (using microscope)

Tangential Contact

Sutured Contact Cement Long Contact

Matrix (clays, etc.)

Concavo-Convex Contact

(modified from Blatt, 1982)

HUBUNGAN ANTAR BUTIR

TIPE POROSITAS

TIPE POROSITAS

KOMPOSISI

KLASIFIKASI

After Pettijohn et al. (1987)

KOMPONEN SILISIKLASTIK
1. PASIR SILISIKLASTIK Kuarsa, Feldspar, dll 2. MUD Mineral Lempung

CONTOH SAYATAN

Karbonat Feldspar Plagioklas

K-Fldspar

FELDSPATHIC ARENITE

HANDSPECIMEN FELDSPATHIC ARENITE

CONTOH SAYATAN

Long contact Sutured contact Convex concav Point contact

QUARTZ ARENITE

HANDSPECIMEN QUARTZ ARENITE

LITHIC ARENITE
Lithic

Semen

Carbonates

Definisi

 Syarat Kondisi : (dominan dari proses biogenik) -> air laut

Hangat -> 19o - 25o C (zona photic dan iklim tropis) Tenang arusnya Suplai sedimen darat minimum

Komponen Utama Batuan Karbonat

KLASIFIKASI

Folk Klasifikasi

Dunham Klasifikasi

Embry Klovan Klasifikasi

KEY : TEKSTUR PENGENDAPAN (ALLO ATAU AUTO)

Tekstur Pengendapan

Butiran >2 mm

Mud / No Mud Yes

Grain
Kemas Mud Supported
0,03 mm 2 mm

NAMA Mudstone Wackestone

< 10 % > 10 %

< 10 % Allo

Limestone No

Grain Supported

Packestone

Grainstone Matriks Supp Grain Supp

> 10 %

Floatstone

Rudstone

Auto

Porositas

 Porositas intergranular, yaitu ruang pori yang terbentuk antar butiran partikel atau fragmen material klastik akibat batuan yang memiliki kemas lepas (looses packing), terkompaksi atau tersementasi. Porositas intragranular atau interkristalin, terbentuk akibat adanya shrinking (lenyapnya butiran akibat reaksi kimia) atau kontraksi butiran.

 Porositas rekahan, diakibatkan oleh adanya proses mekanik atau proses kimiawi secara parsial terhadap batuan yang masiv pada awalnya, seperti batu gamping. Porositas jenis ini merupakan porositas sekunder. Porositas vugular, adalah porositas yang dibentuk oleh organisme dan bersamaan dengan terjadinya proses/ reaksi kimia pada tahapan selanjutnya. Porositas ini merupakan jenis porositas primer dan sekunder.

Metamorphic Petrography

Week #2
Assistants : Yuni Indrawati Fitrul Islam

 Klasifikasi batuan metamorf

 Tipe Metamorfisme :

Primary rock type

PELITES Shales, mudstones and clays rich rocks. Aluminous. PSAMMITES Sandstones, greywackes. quartz-feldspar rich minor mafics. CALCAREOUS Pure limestone's and dolomites. Ca, Si and Mg. CALC-SILICATES Shaly and quartz rich dolomites and limestones. Marls. Ca and Si. QUARTZOFELDSPATHIC Granitic and rhyolitic rocks. Quartz, feldspar, amphiboles and mica. MAFIC Gabbros and basaltic rocks Fe and Mg rich. ULTRAMAFIC peridotites, dunites pyroxenites, lacking feldspar. Very rich in Fe and Mg.

Fine less than 1.0 mm

Medium 1.0-5.0 mm

Coarse Greater than 5.0 mm

Diagnostic Minerals Quartz, White mica, biotite, chlorite, garnet, staurolite, andalusite/kyanite/sillimanite, cordierite, corundum, chloritoid. Quartz, alkali feldspar, white mica, biotite, rare amphibole, chlorite.

Slate or phyllite

Schist

Gneiss, Migmatite

Quartzite

Quartzite

Quartzite

Marble

Marble

Marble

Calcite, minor quartz and micas.

Calc-slate

Calc-schist

Calc-gneiss

Calcite, quartz, epidote, Ca-plagioclase, Grossular garnet, Diopside, Tremolite, Talc, Sphene, Forsterite, Actinolite.

Halle-flinta

Acid or granitic gneiss

Acid or granitic gneiss

Quartz, White mica, Biotite, Plagioclase, Alkali feldspar, Sphene.

Greenstone Greenschist

Amphibolite

Basic, Hornblende or pyroxene gneiss

Epidote, Sphene, Calcite, Chlorite, Amphibole, Pyroxene, Plagioclase, Garnet, Serpentine, Talc. Serpentine, Talc, Phlogopite, Forsterite, Anthophyllite, Brucite, Enstatite, Magnesite-dolomite, Cordierite.

Serpentinite Talc-schist Soapstone

Ultrabasic gneiss

A. Granoblastik, B. Granoblastik (butir tak teratur), C. Schistose dengan porfiroblast, D. Schistose dengan granoblastik lentikuler, E. Filitik, F. Gneissose, G. Milonitik, H. filonitik, I. Granoblastik dalam milonit.

Bentuk Kristal (Euhedral)

Keterangan Staurolit, silimanit, kianit, rutil, klorit, ilmenit, turmalin, pirit, lawsonit, andalusit, garnet, sfen, epidot, zoisit, magnetit, spinel, ankerit, idokras Mika & klorit (memipih), amfibol & piroksen (prismatik), wolastonit, dolomit & apatit Kuarsa, felsfar, kalsit, aragonit, olivin, kordierit, scapolit, humites Sketsa bentuk butir (kristal/mineral) a. euhedral, b. subhedral, c. anhedral

(Subhedral)

(Anhedral)

Tabel determinasi batuan metamorf

GARNETAMPHIBOLITE

Bertekstur heteroblastik terdiri dari mineral hornblende, garnet, mineral opak terlihat struktur masif yang dominan oleh mineral garnet dan hornblenda

 Hornblende
30 % Ukuran 0,2 1 mm Mineral nematoblastik Membentuk sekistose Berbentuk prismatik subhedral-anhedral

Garnet 45% Ukuran 0,6 1,5 Phorphyroblastic Membentuk sekistose Berbentuk anhedral