COMPLETELY SELF PROTECTED DISTRIBUTION TRANSFORMER

BY : K. SUSHEEL KUMAR(06M21A0251) P. VINAY KUMAR (06M21A0257) G. MANIKANTA(06M21A0210)

ABSTRACT

The high rate of failure of secondary distribution transformer in power systems may perhaps be described as 0ne of the tragedies of distribution system management of present times especially in developing countries like India. The advent of CSP technology has encouraged progressive manufactures to go in for high performance distribution transforms which mitigate the operation and maintenance problems associated with conventional transformers. CSP technology enables a transformer to protect itself from faults

Aspects Covered In This Presentation

what is CSP? & what is its purpose? Why CSP transformer? Reasons for failure of distribution transformer? What is the philosophy of CSP? Components of the CSP transformer Major advantages of CSP transformer Technical specification & IS specification of CSP components. Arriving at a conclusion

What is CSP? & its purpose?

CSP is completely self protected transformer. CSP is a protection system for distribution transformers. Purpose of CSP: It avoids major damages to the transformers by power system faults, by disconnecting the transformer (on either side) from faulty circuit. The CSP protection system protects the transformer from lightning, secondary faults, severe overloads and provides visual warning of the existences of uneconomical loading conditions

Why CSP transformers?

Due to the higher failure rate of secondary transformers in power system, especially in developing countries like India, kenya. Short circuit faults. Excessive heat generation. Excessive Current flow with out short circuit faults due to change in resistance of the circuit. Protection against lightning . Over loads on secondary.

What is the failure rate of distribution transformers?

In India 20%
In the west 1 to 2%

Reasons for failure of distribution transformers.

Changing weather conditions Lengthy low voltage lines Short circuit due to clashing of loosely string LV lines. Lightning Oil leakages Ingress of moisture etc.,

What is the Remedy

Adopting CSPT is one of the options to reduce failure rate.

Proper maintenance

Proper design by considering atmospheric conditions

What is the philosophy of CSP

Distribution transformer must be protected from over loads Electrical distribution system must be protected from interruption in case of transformer failures Distribution transformer should not be operated regularly on over loads Lightning Arrestors are directly mounted on the transformer tank to maximize surge protection

Components of CSPT

Primary side : high voltage fuse Secondary side : For over load secondary fault protection Surge arrester : for lightning protection Signal light Emergency control: magnetic trip Magnetic trip

Primary ( high voltage fuse )

Power utilities in India provide a HV fuse on primary side of a distribution transformer for system protection Internally mounted Rating determined such that it should not blow for secondary faults and exciting current surges Generally rated 12 times the full load current for 10m sec Connected in series with HV winding It protects the transformer from its internal faults Protect the part of the electrical distribution system

Secondary ( low voltage ) circuit breaker

The low voltage circuit breaker is the central component of the CSP protection package. It provides the entire over current protection to the transformer. Central component of the CSP protection package Provides over current protection Mounted internally CB is of thermally operated type Responds to the secondary faults extermal to the transformer by tripping open.

Surge arrester

surge arrester is directly mounted to the transformer tank. The ground lead length is effectively zero and maximum transformer protection is obtained. lightning arresters are basically non linear resistors i.e acts as resistors at operating at voltages and as conductor at higher voltages.

Constructional features:

Circuit breaker is an electromechanical device and is of simple construction. It has following major elements Temperature sensing Latching and tripping Current interrupter

Temperature sensing function:

Bi metallic strips, which are built into the breaker such that load current flows through them. Bi metallic strips responds thermally to the temperature of transformer oil & temperature changes created by the flow of load current through them Latching and tripping function are carried out with an assembly of parts similar to those used in industrial type If circuit breaker does trip in response to even a temporary secondary fault, service can be restored easily by clearing the fault and re-closing the circuit breaker Indication will be provided by the signal lamp for continuous overload & trip

Emergency control:

In case the transformer is to be energized after the tripping of the CB the function of the bimetallic strip can be defeated and the transformer can be taken into service This can only protect the transformer fron larger value of fault currents It defeats the thermal protection

Magnetic trip:

Certain circuit breakers are furnished with magnetic trip which increases the opening speed under high fault conditions. There must be co ordination between primary fuse element and secondary circuit breaker, such that for any fault on the load side the circuit breaker clears the circuit, fuse melts.

Pressure relief device:

It operates at pre specified pressure. Generally operates at 3.6 PSI, for corrugated construction at 10 PSI for radiator construction It releases the pressure at above value and protect the tank from excess pressure.

Technical specification:

Single phase

: CRGO. Up to 167KV AMT.. Up to167 KV Three phase : CRGO. Up to 315 KV AMT. Up to 315 KV No of phases : single or three phase Applicable standards: IS, IEC, ANSI, JIS, BS. Cooling : ONAN,OA Insulating fluid : mineral oil to specification Frequency : 50 or 60 HZ Vector group : As specified Primary voltage : up to 11KV Secondary voltage : 415, 433 volts or other Winding material : copper or aluminum Tappings : + or 5% or other Impedence : as per appliclble standards

What are the major advantages of CSP technology

Enables a transformer to protect itself from faults Transformer is protected from persistent overloads not cleared by conventional protective gear. Uneconomical over loading on a regular basis is avoided Protection from lightning is most effective No scope of ingress of moisture Failure due to undue pressure rise will not be there.

Benefits

Low installation cost Simple easy installation Safe operation Reliable service Low cost of operation Clean appearance

Is specifications of CSP components

Distribution T/F : 1180

Metal oxide surge arrester ; IEC- ANSIEEEEC-11/1982 Circuit breaker : 13118 HV fuse link : 9385

conclusion:

Thus CSP technology has paved the way to high performance distribution transformers and better distribution management.