Management in Submergence-Prone Environments2011

Submergence-Prone Rice Environments
Joel Janiya Senior Associate Scientist Extension Agronomist CESD, IRRI

1
20 Sept 2011
Joel D. Janiya, CESD, IRRI
Upland
Shifting cultivation Permanent agriculture
Rainfed upland
Drought prone Favorable
Irrigated
Rainfed lowland
Drought/submergence-prone
Flood prone
Rice production ecosystems

20 Sept 2011 Joel D. Janiya, CESD, IRRI
Upland
Rainfed upland
Irrigated Rainfed lowland

Flood prone

Upland
Rainfed upland
Irrigated Rainfed lowland

Flood prone

Best Management Practices in Submergence Prone-Areas
20 Sept 2011
Submergence prone areas: Major Challenges

Types of flooding: Flash flooding or submergence: >10 days up to two weeks; Stagnant partial flooding: long-term flooding up to 60 cm standing water normally for most of the season Deep-water flooding: >100cm, duration >10 days to 5 months; Very deep water: up to 3-4 m
(Mackill, Ismail and Vergara 2008; www.irri.org/flood-proof-rice/)
Submergence prone areas: Major Challenges

Submergence
or flash-flooding
can occur anytime during the season, at different crop growth stages variable duration, usually 1-2 weeks submergence of modern varieties > 5 days at early vegetative stage results to significant yield reduction
20 Sept 2011
Research Intervention
IRRI developed submergence tolerant rice that can survive and recover after complete submergence for two weeks IdentifiedSUB1A gene, from Indian rice FR13A, responsible for tolerance Through MABC - transfer into popular varieties Not GMO
20 Sept 2011
Research Intervention
Provide
protection to farmers from yield losses due to short-term flooding Has similar characteristics and yield with popular varieties Can be used to replace popular varieties in flood-prone areas
20 Sept 2011
MABC single backcross approach
X
Popular variety related to IR64
Chr 9 ART5 SC3
X
IR64Sub1 Genotyping F1 Popular variety
SUB1
Foreground selection
20 Sept 2011
Background selection
BC1F1
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MABC single backcross approach (contd)
BC1F2
BC1F3
Seed increase
Seeds harvested from selected BC1F1 plants
Genotyping Best plants harvested
BC1F4
Popular variety with submergence tolerance

20 Sept 2011
Field testing for Submergence tolerance Agronomic traits

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Nine steps to the production of rice in submergence proneareas
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Step 1. Choose the rice genotypes Use good-quality seeds to realize the full potential of a chosen variety. Consider other characteristics such as high yield and desired maturity, resistance to prevailing pests and soil problems, and good eating quality.
Yield advantage of 1- 3.8 t/ha in the field
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Table 1. Improved varieties and breeding lines with the SUB1 gene for submergence tolerance
Breeding lines with SUB1 Days to Flower Days to Maturity Plant Height (cm) 90-95 75-85 80-85 106-125 130-134 122-125 Amylose Content (%) 22 27 25 waxy 24 25 Gel Consistency
IR64-Sub1 (IR05F102) Swarna-Sub1 (IR05F102) Sambha Mahsuri-Sub1 (IR07F101) TDK1-Sub1 (IR07F289) BR11-Sub1 (IR07F290) CR1009-Sub1 (IR07F291)
83-86 100-104 98-104 107-114 98-102 120-124
112-116 130-134 126-134 139-144 128-130 153-154
75 (soft) 74 (soft) 33(hard) 94 (soft) 50 (medium) 90 (soft)
Source: http://www.irri.org/flood-proof-rice/
20 Sept 2011
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Table 1. Improved varieties and breeding lines with the SUB1 gene for submergence tolerance
Breeding lines with SUB1 Days to Flower
98-100 90-92
Days to Maturity
118-121 114-116
Plant Height (cm)

121-125 110-114
Amylose Content (%)

26 25
Gel Consistency
100 (soft) 85 (soft)
PSBRc68 (IRRI 119) INPARA-3 (IR70213-9-CPA-12-UBN-21-3-1)
IR4980-7-1-2-3
Ciherang-Sub1 (IR09F346) PSBRc82-Sub1 (IR09F434)
100-105
83-85 85-88
130-134
112-115 115-118
110-125
115-119 102-105
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21 20
30 (hard)
65 (soft) 85(soft)
Source: http://www.irri.org/flood-proof-rice/
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Two MABC products were released for commercial use IR64-Sub1 (2009)

Phils: NSIC 194 (Submarino 1) Indonesia (INPARA-5) Indonesia: INPARA-4 India: Improved Swarna
Swarna-Sub1 (2009)

20 Sept 2011
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Other Sub1 rice varieties released for commercial use

IR70213-9-CPA-12-UBN-2-1-3-1 or INPARA-3 (2008; Indonesia; stagnant flood)
IRRI 119 or PSBRc68 (1997- Phils; 2003- Myanmar)
IR64-Sub1 and PSBRc68 included in the FIELDS program (S component) of Department of Agriculture for 2010DS and 2010WS
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Other popular varieties as product of MABC

Ciherang-Sub1 (IR09F434)- Indonesia with IRRC
Ciherang-Sub1
Ciherang
PSBRc82-Sub1 (IR09F436)- Phils with PhilRice
PSBRc82
PSB Rc82-Sub1
20 Sept 2011
PSB Rc82-Sub1
PSB Rc82
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Step 2. Raise healthy and vigorous seedlings

Wetbed method: Soak seeds in the morning, incubate seeds the next morning, and then sow seeds the following morning. Choose a seedbed site that is near a water source, with good soil that is disease- and weedfree, and far from street lights. Apply or incorporate organic matter into the soil to make it light and porous and to facilitate seedling pulling.
19 Philippine Rice Self-Sufficiency Plan (PRSSP)
20 Sept 2011
Step 2. Raise healthy and vigorous seedlings Wetbed method: After incubation, sow pre-germinated seeds in the seedbed at 5075 g per m2. High seed rates result in thinner and weaker seedlings likely to be damaged by early floods. Water the seedbed 23 days after sowing (DAS). Keep it moist, not flooded.
20 Sept 2011
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Take good care of seedlings: Proper nutrition: 6 g of N, 4 g of P2O5, 2 g of Zn, per m2 of the nursery area (equivalent to a rate of 60 kg N, 40 kg P2O5, 20 kg Zn) is optimum in areas with low fertility (e.g., in sandy, loamy soil). Do not apply too much nitrogen (less than 3 g N per m2) if the soil is fertile, and N can be substituted by farm yard manure at 1 kg m2 when available. Farmyard manure is helpful and should be combined with inorganic fertilizers
20 Sept 2011

Take good care of seedlings: Pest management: Leaf-feeding insects seldom cause yield losses in the seedbed. If tungro virus inoculum or other diseases or insects are present, protect your seedlings with the appropriate recommended pesticides.
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Philippine Rice Self-Sufficiency Plan (PRSSP)
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Seedbed Area at Brgy. Capuyhan, Sigma, Capiz Submerged at 9 DAS, 2008-09 Dry Season
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Seedbed area at Brgy. Dayhagon, Sigma, Capiz Submerged at 2 DAS, 2008-09 DS
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Step 3. Prepare land thoroughly

Prepare land at least 3 weeks before transplanting, especially if the field is soaked with rainwater. Fix all dikes; using available rainwater or irrigation water if available, soak the field for 1 day to soften the soil and then plow to a depth of at least 10 cm to incorporate all weeds and rice stubble for proper decomposition.
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Step 3. Prepare land thoroughly

Maintain water in the field after plowing, if possible, to prevent nitrogen loss from the soil and to hasten decomposition of rice stubble. Puddle the soil by harrowing 35 days after plowing. Begin a second harrowing after 57 days Harrowing and final leveling should be completed a day before the scheduled transplanting.
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20 Sept 2011
Step 4. Do pest management before transplanting

Insectsplant during the regular season (not too early or late) to avoid pest infestation. Diseasesdestroy all infected rice stubble, ratoons, and weeds. Rodentsdestroy all breeding sites of rodents. Weedsthorough land preparation controls most weeds.
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Golden apple snailherd ducks in the field, hand-pick snails, repair dikes, and control water; put screen wires along water outlets; and construct small canals near dikes and alternately drain and flood the field so snails will transfer to small canals where they can be caught easily. Transplanting older seedlings also helps to reduce snail damage.
20 Sept 2011

Use attractants such as leaves of gabi (Colocasia esculenta), banana (Musa paradisiaca L.), papaya (Carica papaya L.), and trumpet flower (Bignonia capreolata/Doxantha capreolata), and old newspapers for easy collection of golden apple snails. The critical time for snail control is after transplanting and when the flood subsides 1 to 2 weeks after transplanting.
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Step 5. Do nutrient management before transplanting

One or two days before transplanting, drain water up to the saturation point. If flooding is highly likely to occur, do not apply basal inorganic N fertilizer before final leveling.
If Zinc deficiency is expected, dip seedlings in 2% zinc oxide solution before transplanting or broadcast 1020 kg/ha zinc sulfate into the flooded field after the first irrigation if the soil is known to be deficient in zinc.
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20 Sept 2011
Step 5. Do nutrient management before transplanting

It is important to level the field properly to attain uniform water depth in the field. This helps suppress weed growth. Also maximize fertilizer availability in the field.
20 Sept 2011
Step 6. Plant and use appropriate plant spacing

Transplanting Timing: Use 21-day-old seedlings for early-maturing varieties such as IR64-Sub1 and older (about 3545 days old) seedlings for late-maturing varieties. However, if early flooding is anticipated, use older seedlings (35d for early maturing varieties, and up to 45 d for late maturing varieties) in all cases.
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Transplanting Timing: Transplanting should be done immediately after uprooting of the nursery. Make sure the seedling height at transplanting is greater than the water depth in the field; sensitivity to submergence is high at this early stage.
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Transplanting Plant density and spacing: Use 23 seedlings per hill. Use closer spacing (15 15 cm) in the field if a high level of standing water is expected, as tillering will be reduced.
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Direct seeding Dry seeding In rainfed and deepwater ecosystems, dry seed is manually broadcast onto the soil surface and then incorporated by harrowing while the soil is still dry. Care is taken not to incorporate the seed too deeply into clay soils or where surface sealing is a problem.
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Direct seeding Dry seeding In some deepwater rice areas, the seed is not incorporated after broadcasting. Germination occurs following rain or floods. To achieve good crop establishment, consider the following factors: use high-quality seeds, level the soil well, and monitor water availability.
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Direct seeding Dry seeding The target number of plants to be established ranges from 80 to 150 per m2. To meet this target, seeding rates vary between 80 to 150 kg per ha. Some plant rearrangement (transplanting) is normally undertaken within the field after establishment to even up plant stands.
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Step 7. Use post submergence nutrient management in the main field

If the floodwater goes down (field water depth <15 cm) early (15 to 30 days before heading), responses to fertilizer, particularly nitrogen, will be good. Fertilizers can be applied within 1 week after the flood subsides and again at 15 to 20 days after the first application. Additional application can be made just before panicle initiation (PI ).
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Step 7. Use post submergence nutrient management in the main field

Apply about 3050 kg of N, 2030 kg of P2O5, and 2030 kg of K per hectare when water recedes, then apply another dose of 30-45 kg of N per ha at panicle initiation.
20 Sept 2011
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Step 8. Do pest management at vegetative and reproductive stages

Vegetative stage The critical time to control weeds is within 30 to 40 days after transplanting (DAT). Weeds can be controlled manually or by using herbicides. For insect pests, regular or synchronized planting (not too early or late) can help avoid pest infestation. During the early growth stage of the crop (3040 DAT), it is not necessary to spray against leaffeeding insects as the rice crop can compensate for leaf damage.
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Reproductive stage During this stage, most pests are still present but pose no significant damage to the rice crop. However, a late attack of stem borers at booting results in many whiteheads, which may cause a significant yield loss if left unchecked. Rice bug attacks during the late reproductive stage and up to the ripening stage of the crop.
20 Sept 2011
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Reproductive stage Leaffolders and mites must also be checked if found numerous at this stage. Brown planthopper may cause hopper burn if its population remains unchecked, while green leafhopper may spread tungro virus if there is a source of inoculum in the field.
20 Sept 2011
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Step 9. Harvest and postharvest operations

Harvest the rice when 80-85% of the grains are mature. Grains at the tip of the panicle must be hard and golden yellow, even while grains near the base of the panicle are less mature. A delay in harvesting will cause the grains at the tip to shatter.
20 Sept 2011
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During the wet season if weather permits, drain the field 2 weeks before harvest. Grains must be threshed immediately to minimize field losses and quality problems. Thresh, clean, and dry grains immediately. Newly harvested rice has high moisture content (2026%) and must be dried immediately to 14% or less for safe storage, better grain quality, and a higher commercial price.
For sun-drying, spread the rice in layers 24 cm thick on concrete pavement, and mix every 30 minutes for uniform drying and to prevent overheating. Use mechanical dryers if available. Poor and inefficient harvest and postharvest practices can cause a 923% loss.
IRRI
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SUB1: Summary
Sub1 has no effect in absence of floods; can be transferred in all lowland varieties Sub1 is effective in different genetic backgrounds and environments, Its effect can be boosted in relatively tolerant genotypes Sub1 confers tolerance of flooding during seedling, vegetative, and reproductive stages It is effective even with brief floods (tidal?), however, yield is more sensitive than survival
Plants become more sensitive during late reproductive stages

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SUB1: Summary
Remember the critical steps in Sub1 rice production Right choice of rice genotypes Nursery management (healthy and vigorous seedlings) Thorough land preparation Nutrient management before transplanting Appropriate plant spacing and plant density
Post-submergence nutrient management in the main field

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Knowledge Base Management

For effective information delivery system
A project web site developed
http://www.irri.org/flood-proof-rice/
A project newsletter developed with 7 issues released
1 Frequently asked questions Sub1 Information Kit was 2 Submergence tolerant rice varieties developed that includes four fact 3 Participatory varietal selection 48 20 sheets Sept 2011 Joel D. Janiya, CESD, IRRI 4 - Management options in flood-prone areas
Submergence stories featured in Manila Bulletin Agriculture Magazine December 2008, January and July 2009 issues
Reyes 15 yr no WS crop 3.5 ha Swarna-Sub1 2008WS 4d sub 5t/ha
De Guzman IR64-Sub1 2008 DS seed produce 3.8 t/ha at least PhP82T (~$18T) profit PhP30/kg (~$0.65/kg)
Ladores 19 yr no WS crop 1.5 ha Swarna-Sub1 2008WS 15d sub 4.6 t/ha
Bayangat 4 yr no WS crop 1.5 ha IR64-Sub1, 2008WS 10 d sub 7.0 t/ha + 0.77 t/ha rattoon, Swarna-Sub1
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20 Sept 2011
20 Sept 2011
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SUb1 commercialization in Central Luzon of IR64-Sub1 and PSB Rc 68 in 187 ha (WS 2009) and 5,000 ha ( WS 2010);
2860 kg FS of IR64-Sub1, 742 kg FS and 130 kg RS PSBRc68 in 2009DS by 95 20 Sept 2011 members SeedNet
PVS-RM using 7 -12 Sub1 genotypes in 14 locations across the country; supported by GMA Rice program of the DA during the WS 2008, WS 2009 & WS 2010
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2009 Submergence Trial/ Researcher Managed Brgy. Poblacion, Canaman, Camarines Sur Mr. Exequel Requintina
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WS 2009 Submergence Trial/ Researcher Managed Brgy. Balangibang, Polangui, Albay Mr. Edgar Pesebre
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DS 2010 Submergence Trial/ Farmer Managed Brgy Balangibang, Polangui, Albay Edgardo Pesebre
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DS 2010 Submergence Trial Libon, Albay Mr. Rommel R. Dycoco
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DS 2010 Submergence Trial/ Farmer Managed Brgy. Belen, Calabanga, Camarines Sur Mr. Edwin Arinas
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DS 2010 Submergence Trial/ Farmer Managed Brgy. Sto. Domingo, Bombon, Camarines Sur Mrs. Veronica Gregorio
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DS 2010 Submergence Trial/ Researcher Managed Brgy San Vicente, Bato, Camarines Sur Mr. Honorio Hugo
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DS 2010 Submergence Trial/ Researcher Managed Brgy. San Isidro, Bacon District, Sorosogon City Mr. Antonio de la Pea
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PARTICIPATORY VARIETAL SELECTION (PVS) OF SUBMERGENCE TOLERANT RICE REGION VI

Project Locations: Researcher Managed Trials : Brgy. Dayhagon, Sigma, Capiz Brgy. Capuyhan, Signma, Capiz Brgy. Pandan, Dingle, Iloilo Brgy. Balat-an, Mambusao, Capiz Farmer-Managed Trials: Brgy. Pandan, Dingle, Iloilo Brgy. Amamaros, Pototan, Iloilo DA-WESVIARC, Hamungaya, Jaro, Iloilo City Brgy. Balat-an, Mambusao, Capiz Brgy. Poblacion, Mambusao, Capiz Brgy. Conciencia, Panit-an, Capiz
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WS 2009, Brgy Pandan, Dingle Iloilo
Two (2) most preferred submergence lines by farmers
Two (2) least preferred submergence lines by farmers

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Central Visayas (Region 7)

Tanjay
Lat 9o3139.53 Long 123o0912.38 5-10 m ASL
Sagbayan
Lat 9o550.28 Long 124o532.82 PVS High pH/ Zn Def Tol (1 FM)
Lazi
Lat 123o38-39 Long 9o7-8 0-20 m ASL
PVS Sub Tol (1 RM) PVS Sal Tol (1 RM)
Antequera
PVS Sal Tol (1 FM) Lat 9o4651.71 Long 123o5552.59
PVS High pH/ Zn Def Tol (1 FM)
Larena
Lat 123o35-36 Long 9o15-16 0-20 m ASL PVS Sal Tol (1 RM)
Mabini
Lat 9o522.73 Long 124o2945.32 PVS Sub Tol (1 RM) PVS Sal Tol (1 FM) 63
20 Sept 2011
Location of the PVS RM and PVS-FM

PVS-FM PVS-RM
8 Sites; 12 FCs
Brgy. Pagsulhugon, Babatngon, Leyte Brgy. Tagpuro, Tacloban City Brgy. Tacuranga, Palo, Leyte
Brgy.Macagtas Catarman ,N. Samar Brgy. Buntay, Oras E. Samar
Brgy. Cangumbang, Palo, Leyte

Brgy. San Juaquin, Palo, Leyte Brgy. Baculanad, Sta Fe, Leyte Brgy. Tibak, Sta Fe, Leyte Brgy. Lananuan, Pastrana Leyte
Brgy. Sacme, Tanauan Leyte
12 genotypes RCBD Plot size-20sq m
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Location of the Simulated Flooding and Seed Production L E G E N D

Simulated Trial Seed Production
RIARC San Jorge, Samar
RIARC San Jorge, Samar
Main RIARC, Babatngon, Leyte
Main RIARC, Babatngon, Leyte
Genotypes
1. Samba Mahsuri-Sub 1 2. PSB Rc 68
3. IR49830-7-1-2-34. IR 64-Sub 1
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Management in Submergence-Prone Environments2011

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Management in Submergence-Prone Environments2011

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Submergence-Prone Rice Environments

Joel Janiya Senior Associate Scientist Extension Agronomist CESD, IRRI

Joel D. Janiya, CESD, IRRI

Rice production ecosystems

Irrigated Rainfed lowland

Rice production ecosystems

Irrigated Rainfed lowland

Rice production ecosystems

Best Management Practices in Submergence Prone-Areas

Joel D. Janiya, CESD, IRRI

Submergence prone areas: Major Challenges

Submergence prone areas: Major Challenges

Joel D. Janiya, CESD, IRRI

Joel D. Janiya, CESD, IRRI

Joel D. Janiya, CESD, IRRI

MABC single backcross approach

MABC single backcross approach (contd)

Seeds harvested from selected BC1F1 plants

Genotyping Best plants harvested

Popular variety with submergence tolerance

Field testing for Submergence tolerance Agronomic traits

Nine steps to the production of rice in submergence proneareas

Joel D. Janiya, CESD, IRRI

Yield advantage of 1- 3.8 t/ha in the field

83-86 100-104 98-104 107-114 98-102 120-124

112-116 130-134 126-134 139-144 128-130 153-154

75 (soft) 74 (soft) 33(hard) 94 (soft) 50 (medium) 90 (soft)

Joel D. Janiya, CESD, IRRI

Plant Height (cm)

Amylose Content (%)

PSBRc68 (IRRI 119) INPARA-3 (IR70213-9-CPA-12-UBN-21-3-1)

Joel D. Janiya, CESD, IRRI

Joel D. Janiya, CESD, IRRI

Other Sub1 rice varieties released for commercial use

IRRI 119 or PSBRc68 (1997- Phils; 2003- Myanmar)

Other popular varieties as product of MABC

PSBRc82-Sub1 (IR09F436)- Phils with PhilRice

Joel D. Janiya, CESD, IRRI

Step 2. Raise healthy and vigorous seedlings

Joel D. Janiya, CESD, IRRI

Joel D. Janiya, CESD, IRRI

Step 2. Raise healthy and vigorous seedlings

Joel D. Janiya, CESD, IRRI

21 Philippine Rice Self-Sufficiency Plan (PRSSP)

Step 2. Raise healthy and vigorous seedlings

Joel D. Janiya, CESD, IRRI

Philippine Rice Self-Sufficiency Plan (PRSSP)

Seedbed area at Brgy. Dayhagon, Sigma, Capiz Submerged at 2 DAS, 2008-09 DS

Joel D. Janiya, CESD, IRRI

Step 3. Prepare land thoroughly

Joel D. Janiya, CESD, IRRI

Step 3. Prepare land thoroughly

Joel D. Janiya, CESD, IRRI

Step 4. Do pest management before transplanting

Joel D. Janiya, CESD, IRRI

Step 4. Do pest management before transplanting

Joel D. Janiya, CESD, IRRI

28 Philippine Rice Self-Sufficiency Plan (PRSSP)

Step 4. Do pest management before transplanting

Joel D. Janiya, CESD, IRRI

Step 5. Do nutrient management before transplanting

Joel D. Janiya, CESD, IRRI

Step 5. Do nutrient management before transplanting

Joel D. Janiya, CESD, IRRI