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The Endocrine System: Hormone
The Endocrine System: Hormone
Hormone =
Types:
peptide or protein = at least 3 amino acids steroid = derived from cholesterol
Peptide Hormones
Synthesis/transport/half-life =
Storage?
Because peptides are impermeable, they must use membrane receptors and second messenger signal transduction mechanisms to produce the desired effects.
Most use g-protein coupled receptors, but some use tyrosine kinase type receptors (i.e. insulin)
Steroid Hormones
Amine hormones
Neurohormones =
Three major groups 1. Posterior pituitary/hypothalamus Vasopressin (ADH) Oxytocin
2. Anterior pituitary/hypothalamus
3. Catecholamines of the adrenal medulla
Increased pressure signals the hypothalamus (this is where ADH release is controlled)
When blood volume increases, filtration in the kidney is adjusted so that more fluid is filtered per minute
Typically, under normal situations, the kidneys are not under the influence of ADH and water follows ions as they pass through the kidney tubules There are few aquaporin molecules in the cell membranes of the kidney collecting ducts in the absence of ADH. They are stored inside the cells.
Negative feedback
Regulation of Na+
Increasing osmolarity of the blood stimulates thirst behaviors, and increases ADH secretion. Drinking and preventing water loss from the kidneys, decreases blood osmolarity
How would this graph change if an individual had hypertension (high blood pressure)?
The hormone leutininzing hormone (LH) stimulates ovarian cells to produce the hormone progesterone by way of a second messenger system. When an antagonist is used to activate adenylyl cyclase in the ovarian cells, the level of progesterone produced is not as great as when LH stimulates the cells. It has also been observed that the intracellular levels of free calcium increase when LH stimulates the cells. What does this information imply about the mode of action of LH? Explain.