SYSTEMBOARD

MAINBOARD

MOTHERBOARD

( slot-),

,
( DIMM DRAM ).

CPU- ,
bus- .

"" ( Flash ROM

) firmware BIOS .

(cklock generator)
.

,
CPU, ,
.

sistemuri plata warmoadgens sistemuri blokis ZiriTad nawils, romelic gansazRvravs kompiuteris
arqiteqturasa da mwarmoeblurobas .mas aseve uwodeben dedaplatas, ZiriTad an mTavar platas. masze
ganlagebulia Semdegi ZiriTadi komponentebi:

1 soketi procesorisaTvis;
2 CrdiloeTis~ xidi ();

3 `samxreTis~ xidi();
4,5 slotebi mexsierebis modulisaTvis;
6 moqnili diskis diskamZravi;

7 - gansarTi ATA100/ATA133 mowyobilobisaTvis;

8 gansarTi Serial ATA mowyobilobisaTvis;
9 PCI slotebi; 10 - PCI-Express x16 slotebi;
11 - PCI-Express x1 slotebi;

12 24-kontaqtiani ATX gansarTi kvebis blokisaTvis;

13 8-kontaqtiani damatebiTi ATX12v gansarTi procesorisaTvis;
14 gansarTi videokartis kvebisaTvis;
15 Zabvis stabilizatori;

16 kontroleri interfeisisaTvis IEEE 1384 (FireWire);

17 audiokontroleri;
18 qseluri kontroleri;
19 - BIOS ROM (CMOS);
20 BIOS-is batarea.

 (form factor)
AT ( )
ATX ( 30,524,4)
Mini ATX (28,420,8)
Micro ATX (24,424,4)
Flex ATX (22,920,3)

BTX
LPX ( )
NLX

 (form factor)
ATX (Advanced Tecnology Extended)

()
.

,
,

ATX .

ATX .

 (form factor)
ATX
ATX ,
ATX ,
( ATX). ATX
ATX- .
, ,
ATX- .

, ,
, ATX
ATX ,
, , .
, ATX
,
.
, ATX
ATX , USB ,
,
.

ATX TOWER

 (form factor)
LPX Low Profile Extended
,
,

.
1990 ,
2 AGP
.
,
LPX-

.

 (form factor)
NLX (New Low Profile Extended)
(form factor) NLX,
(Low Profile) .
. NLX
(ISA, PCI )
,
(raiser card),
. ,
,
.
NLX Intel-, IBM DEC- ,
LPX-
, ,
ATX (proprietary)
NLX
.

NLX Desktop

 (form factor)
BTX (Balanced Technology Extended[1])
2003 Intel-
,
2004 .
,
, ,
ATX
.
BTX - .

. BTX

.

BTX formfaqtoris dedaplata damatebulia uaxloesi standartis ramodenime bude da

ventilaciis sakiTxebi ufro daxvewilia.

 Socket Slot

IDE1 IDE2

Floppy

PCI

SATA

AGP

PCIe

CMOS da batarea

PS/2

COM

LPT
Audio

USB


,

.
,
,


,
.


(Northbridge)

(Northbridge)
,

:
,

AGP PCIe
. ,
,

(Northbridge).

FSB ( Front side bus),

.

 ()

 ( Southbridge)
(Southbridge),
(PS/2, USB, Parallel,
IDE ),
.
PS/2,
USB, Parallel, Serial .
(Southbridge)
LAN ( ), , ,.
FIREWIRE (IEEE 1394 .
,
(. AC 97 ) Creative Labs
( DOLBY Digital Theater Surround
).
(Southbridge)
,
PCI, USB .

 ()

P55

AMD 790GX


BSB
FSB
DMI
HyperTransport
QPI

IRQ ()
Cipsetebis movaleobaa gansazRvron, Tu romeli arxidan Semomavali bitebi ra mimarTulebiT gaataron.
maTve unda gansazRvron, romeli arxis monacemebi gaataron pirvel rigSi da romeli gadawion ukan. anu
prioritetis mixedviT arxebi unda davyoT sxvadasxva kategoriebad. kompiuterul enaze maT unda
mivaniWoT wyveta (IRQ). wyvetebi eniSnebaT sxvadasxva arxebs ricxviTi gamosaxulebiT ai ase:
IRQ 1; IRQ 2; ... IRQ 7; IRQ 11 da a.S. rac ufro dabalia IRQ nomeri miT meti
privilegia aqvs am arxs.
kompiuteris arastabilurad muSaobas, Tu or sxvadasxva arxs SemTxveviT erTi da igive IRQ aqvs
PCI arxebs SeuZliaT erTi da igive IRQ-Ti amuSaon sxvadasxva mowyobilobebi, es maTi
arqiteqturidan gamomdinareobs, es exeba USB arxsac.

 PIO -
monacemebi gaivlian procesors da iqidan gadadian RAM-

DMA -
monacemebi procesoris gverdis avliT gadadian RAM-Si
Tanamedrove kompiuterebi DMA reJimSi muSaoben. Sesabamisad, dedaplataze
gvaqvs DMA arxebi, romlebic zemoT naTqvamisTvis gamoiyeneba da
sxvadasxva mowyobilobas aqvs miTiTebuli, Tu romeli arxi gamoiyenos samuSaod,
DMA 1, DMA 2, DMA 3 da a.S. aseTi arxi SeiZleba iyos 7 da erTi
arxi SeiZleba sxvadasxva mowyobilobam gamoiyenos.

vin uniSnavs IRQ da DMA arxs mowyobilobebs ?

Windows 95-dan moyolebuli Seqmnilia teqnologia Plug and Play
(Caayene da gauSvi), romlis meSveobiTac operaciuli sistema (Windows 95,
98, Me, 2000, 2003, XP...) TviTon gansazRvravs, Tu romeli IRQ da
DMA arxi dauniSnos ama Tu im mowyobilobas. Cven mxolod vereviT maSin, Tu
SemTxveviT erTi da igive IRQ miiRo romelime sxvadasxva arxma.
IRQ da DMA parametrebs kompiuterul enaze sistemuri resursebi ewodeba da
rodesac am termins vxmarobT, vgulisxmobT arxebis wyvetebs da pirdapiri wvdomis
arxebs.
Tu sistemuri resursebi sworad gvaqvs ganawilebuli, maSin Cipsets xelT aqvs is wesebi
da moqmedebebis gegma, romlis mixedviT is amaragebs procesors da anawilebs misgan
wamosul signalebs sxvadasxva mowyobilobebze.

BIOS: Setana-gamotanis bazuri sistema

kompiuteris CarTvisas operatiuli mexsiereba carielia. muSaobis dasawyebad saWiroa operatiul mexsierebaSi
gadawerili iqnes saWiro programebi. am gadawerisaTvis saWiroa operatiul mexsierebaSi operaciuli sistemis
arseboba. operaciuli sistema ki moTavsebulia vinCesterze, romelTanac mimarTva ver moxerxdeba
operaciuli sistemis gareSe. maS saidan unda moxvdes operatiul mexsierebaSi operaciuli sistema? amisaTvis
kompiuteris SemadgenlobaSi gaTvaliswinebulia mudmivi mexsiereba (ROM, Read Only
Memory). am mexsierebaSi monacemebi iwereba specialuri mowyobilobis _ programatoris
saSualebiT. , mudmivi mexsierebis nacvlad gamoiyeneba gadaprogramirebadi
mudmivi mexsiereba (PROM - Programmable Read only Memory). es
mexsiereba fizikurad warmoadgens erT mikrosqemas. mudmivi mexsiereba kvebisgan damoukidebeli
mexsierebaa, romelic kvebis gamorTvis Semdegac inarCunebs informacias. mudmiv mexsierebaSi firmadamamzadeblis mier iwereba programa BIOS (Basic input-output system _ Setanagamotanis bazuri sistema).

 EEPROM
.
"Power-on selftest" :

PCI

CMOS BIOS

CD-ROM DVD-ROM

SCSI

IDE, EIDE, SATA

USB

 roca procesoris Sesasvlelze gaCndeba kvebis Zabva, procesori avtomaturad akeTebs

mimarTvas BIOS-is sawyis misamarTze da gaiSveba kompiuteris mowyobilobebis
avtomaturi testirebis programebi. testirebis warmatebiT damTavrebis Semdeg ki
gaiSveba specialuri programa, romelic mimarTvas gaakeTebs myar diskTan da
gadmotvirTavs operaciuli sistemis birTvs operatiul mexsierebaSi

BIOS gaaCnia ara marto sistemur platas, aramed sxvadasxva kontrolersac,

magaliTad, video-platas, audioplatas, modems da a.S. kontrolerebis BIOS-ebi
individualur draiverebs warmoadgenen da sistemuri BIOS- draiverebis
CatvirTvis Semdeg itvirTebian.

BIOS itvirTeba avtomaturad, kompiuteris CarTvisTanave. TanmimdevrobiT sruldeba

BIOS- is Semdegi qveprogramebi:
POST _ procesoris, operatiuli mexsierebis, sistemuri platis mikrosqemebis krebulis, video-adapteris,
diskuri mowyobilobebis da klaviaturis kontrolerebis testirebis programa;
BIOS- is parametrebis dasayenebeli programa (Setup BIOS) _ sistemis parametrebis
konfigurireba. es procedura mxolod momxmareblis survilis SemTxvevaSi, specialuri klaviSebis daWeriT
sruldeba. magaliTad, Delete, F10, F2 klaviSebs,
aparaturuli draiverebi;
operaciuli sistemis CamtvirTavi _ qveprograma, romelic eZebs CamtvirTav seqtorebs diskur
mowyobilobebSi. aseTi seqtoris aRmoCenisas Sesabamisi diskidan (Cveulebriv vinCesteridan) itvirTeba
operaciuli sistema.

BIOS
Basic Input Output System

Basic Input Output System - -

,
.

.
, .
(ROM)

,


.
,
.

. Flash ROM .

POST
BIOS .


,
,
(MBR)

. POST



: ,

,
.

,
,
,
-

,
IRQ .

,
MBR- .
,

,
.

Setup

BIOS- Setup.
, ,
DEL ( Esc, Ins, Home,
F1, F2, F8, F10
).

,
( ).
,
.

.
.

, ,
Auto, ,
, (Default )
.

F10 .


NVRAM,
.

,

(CMOS),
.
,
.

BIOS-
()
First/Second/Third
Boot
Device
//

.
(FDD), (HDD), SCSI, CDROM
LS/ZIP.
,


.

UEFI
"Unified Extensible Firmware Interface"

BIOS

GIGABYTE GA-EX58-EXTREME

ASUS Crosshair IV Extreme

MSI P55-GD65 USB3

X58A-GD45


CPU
Supports Intel i7 based processors in
LGA1366 package.

Chipset
Intel X58 Chipset
- Supports QPI up to 6.4GT/s
Intel ICH10R Chipset
- Hi-Speed USB (USB2.0) controller,
480Mb/sec.


6 SATAII ports with transfer rate up to 3Gb/s.
- PCI Master v2.3, I/O APIC.
- ACPI 2.0 compliant.
- Serial ATA RAID 0/1/5/10.
- Integrated AHCI controller.
Supports six unbuffered DIMM of 1.5 Volt
DDR3 800/1066/1333/1600*/1800*/2133*
(OC) DRAM, 24GB Max
- Supports 1Gb/ 2Gb/ 4Gb DRAM size
- Supports x8 / x16 data lines per DIMM
- Supports up to 3 channel mode

 -

(
)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5vWrEmpRX_Q&feature=player_embedded