DIALYSIS

Prepared By: 1.Patel Vimal 2.Patel Ketan 3.Limbachiya Aakash

1

What is Dialysis
Introduction
Dialysis is a membrane process where solutes (MW~<100 Da) diffuse from one side of the membrane (feed side) to the other (dialysate or permeate side) according to their concentration gradient.

General Principles
Separation between solutes is obtained as a result of differences in diffusion rates. These are arising from differences in molecular size and solubility. This means that the resistance increases with increasing molecular weight.
2

Concentration profile
A typical concentration profile for dialysis with boundary layer resistences

contains low-molecular-weight solute, A intermediate size molecules, B , and a colloid, C

Concentration profile
In order to obtain a high flux, the membrane should be as thin as possible
membrane feed

Purifed feed

dialysate

Schematic drawing of the dialysis process

4

Concentration profile
Behaves like a fibre filter and separation occurs by a sieving action based on the pore diameter and particle size (i.e. smaller molecules will diffuse faster than larger molecules).

Transport proceeds via diffusion through a nonporous membranes.

Membranes are highly swollen to reduce diffusive resistence.

Dialysis Performance
The time required to accomplish Dialysis is determined by factors that affect the rate of diffusion of a molecule. Heat affects the thermodynamics of molecules, increasing temperature speeds diffusion. The rate of diffusion is also directly proportional to the concentration of a molecule. Inversely proportional to its molecular weight. The rate of Dialysis is also directly proportional to the surface area of the membrane. Inversely proportional to its thickness.
6

Dialysis Procedure
It is the difference in the composition of sample and Dialysis buffer solutions that creates the concentrationdifferential across the membrane that drives the Dialysis process. Using a high buffer-to-sample volume-ratio helps to maintain the concentration gradient. The number of dialysate buffer changes and the Dialysis time also affect the outcome achieved in Dialysis. For best results, use a volume of Dialysis buffer (dialysate) that is at least 200-fold greater than the sample volume.
7

Transport
Separation of solutes is determined by the concentration of the molecules on either side of the membrane; the molecules will flow from a high concentration to a lower concentration. Dialysis is a diffusion process and at steady-state transport can be described by :

Types of Dialysis

Primary

Secondary

1. 2.

3.

Hemodialysis Peritoneal dialysis Hemofiltration

1. 2.

Hemodiafiltration Hntestinal dialysis

Hemodialysis
In hemodialysis, the patient's blood is pumped through the blood compartment of a dialyzer, exposing it to a partially permeable membrane. The dialyzer is composed of thousands of tiny synthetic hollow fibers. The fiber wall acts as the semi permeable membrane. Blood flows through the fibers, dialysis solution flows around the outside of the fibers, and water and wastes move between these two solutions.[7] The cleansed blood is then returned via the circuit back to the body.

10

Hemodialysis
Advantages The main advantage of haemodialysis is that you have four dialysis-free days a week. Haemodialysis usually involves using the dialysis machine three times a week, with each dialysis session usually lasting for about four hours. Therefore, you will have to plan your life around your dialysis sessions. Disadvantages Disadvantage of haemodialysis is that your diet and the amount of fluid that you drink needs to be restricted. For example, many people receiving haemodialysis have to avoid foods that are high in potassium.
11

Peritoneal dialysis
In peritoneal dialysis, wastes and water are removed from the blood inside the body using the peritoneal membrane of the peritoneum as a natural semi permeable membrane.

Advantages Advantage of peritoneal dialysis is that regular visits to a dialysis unit are not required and, in the case of home haemodialysis, there is no need to have a bulky machine installed in your house. As the equipment that is used for peritoneal dialysis is portable, you have more freedom to travel compared with haemodialysis patients.
12

Peritoneal dialysis
Disadvantages Disadvantages of peritoneal dialysis is that you need to perform it every day, whereas haemodialysis is usually only performed three days a week.

Another major disadvantage of peritoneal dialysis is that your risk of developing peritonitis (infection of the peritoneum) is increased.

13

Membrane
Homogeneous Thickness: 10 100 mm Membrane material: hydrophilic polymers (regenerated cellulose such as cellophane, cellulose acetate, copolymers of ethylene-vinyl alcohol and ethylene-vinyl acetate) Membrane application: optimum between diffusion rate and swelling
14

Membrane
How dialysis membranes work. A dialysis membrane is a semi-permeable film (usually a sheet of regenerated cellulose) containing various sized pores. Molecules larger than the pores cannot pass through the membrane but small molecules can do so freely. In this manner, dialysis may be used to perform purification or buffer exchange for samples containing macromolecules.

15

Membrane

16

Application
Dialysis is used in varying circumstances such as: when a large pressure difference on the sides of the membrane is impractical, in heat sensitive areas, and when organic solvents are not feasible. In areas such as the bloodstream, a pressure difference would rupture blood cells. Dialysis is not a function of pressure; therefore a pressure difference is not needed.
Blood treatments, wastewater treatment, concentration if milk, and also in the recovery of vaccines and antibiotics from fermentation broth
17

Application
By far the most important application of dialysis is the therapeutic treatment of patients with renal failure. The technique is called hemo dialysis and attempts to mimic the action of the nephron of the kidney in the separation of low molecular weight solutes, such as urea and creatinine, from the blood of patients with chronic uraemia.

18

Further Application
Recovery of caustic soda from colloidal hemicelluloses during viscose manufacture Removal of alcohol from beer Salt removal in bio products (enzymes) Fractionation (pharmaceutical industry)

19

Diffusion dialysis
Diffusion process in which protons and hydroxyl ions are removed from an aqueous stream across an ionic membrane due to a concentration difference Similar to dialysis but due to the presence of ions and an ionic membrane => Donnan equilibria build up => electrical potential has to be included into the transport (flux) calculation. Membranes: ion exchange membranes (cation and anion) similar to electrodialsis Thickness: ~few hundreds of mm (100 - 500 mm)
20

Diffusion dialysis
Separation principle: Donnan exclusion mechanism Main applications: acid recovery from eaching, pickling and metal refining; alkali recovery from textile and metal refining processes. Example: HF and HNO3 are often used as etching agents for stainless steel. In order to recover the acid, diffusion dialysis can be applied since the protons can pass the membrane but the Fe3+ ions can not

21

Electrodialysis
What is electrodialysis?
Electrodialysis is a membrane process in which ions are transported through ion permeable membranes from one solution to another under the influence of an electrical potential gradient. First applications in the 30s.

General Principles
Salts dissolved in water forms ions, being positively (cationic) or negatively (anionic) charged. These ions are attracted to electrodes with an opposite electric charge. Membranes can be constructed to permit selective passage of either anions or cations.
22

Electrodialysis

23

Membrane
Ion Permeable Membranes
Non porous

Sheets of ion-exchange resins and other polymers Thickness 100 - 500 mm

Are divided in
Anion - exchange
Positively charged groups
E.g. Quarternary ammonium salts NR3 or C5H5N-R

Cation - exchange
Negatively charged groups
E.g. Sulfonic or carboxylic acid groups - SO3 -

Chemically attached to the polymer chains (e.g. styrene/divinylbenzene copolymers)

24

Membrane
Types of Ion - Exchange Membranes
Heterogeneous Homogeneous
Ion - exchange resines + Film - forming polymer High Electrical resistance Poor mechanical strenght Introduction of an ionic group into a polymer film

25

Membrane
Requirements for Ion - Exchange Membranes
High electrical conductivity High ionic permeability Moderate degree of swelling High mechanical strength
Charge density 1 - 2 mequiv / g dry polymer
Electrical Resistance 2 - 10 W.cm2 Diffusion coefficient 10-6 - 10-10 cm2/s
26

Application
Production of table salt from seawater Concentration of brines from reverse osmosis Treatment of wastewaters from electroplating Demineralization of cheese whey Production of ultrapure water for the semiconductor industry

27

Share of the market

Although the application range of dialysis is limited and the industrial interest is low, it would be silly to claim that dialysis is not important.

28

Future
Which separation techniques improve mortality Less expensive RRT as population grows Improve patients quality of life Biological systems

29

Thank You

30

Queries???

31