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Energy Dissipation Dampers
Energy Dissipation Dampers
Energy Dissipation Dampers
INTRODUCTION
ACTIVE ENERGY DISSIPATION DEVICES - Active control systems sense and resist building motion, either by applying external force or by modifying structural properties of active elements. PASSIVE ENERGY DISSIPATION DEVICES - add damping (and sometimes stiffness) to the building. Ideally, energy dissipation devices dampen earthquake excitation of the structure that would otherwise cause higher levels of response and damage to components of the building.
CONCEPTUALLY, isolation reduces response of the superstructure by decoupling the building from the ground. Typical isolation systems reduce forces transmitted to the superstructure by lengthening the period of the building and adding some amount of damping. Among the most important advanced techniques of earthquake resistant design and construction are: Base Isolation Sliding systems Energy damping Devices
BASE ISOLATORS
SLIDING SYSTEMS
SLIDING SYSTEMS (FRICTION PENDULUMS)
When seismic energy is transmitted through them, dampers absorb part of it, and thus damp the motion of the building.
METALLIC DAMPERS
In these devices, energy dissipation is based on the ability of metals to undergo numerous inelastic cycles until failing and therefore to absorb significant amounts of energy. Metallic dampers are usually made from steel. They are designed to deform so much when the building vibrates during an earthquake that they cannot return to their original shape. This permanent deformation is called inelastic deformation, and it uses some of the earthquake energy which goes into building. It is the stiffness ratio rather than the ductility ratio that has a greater effect on the performance of the devices under seismic loading.
FRICTION DAMPERS
In this case, energy is dissipated by the friction that is generated due to the sliding of two solid materials against each other. Friction dampers are designed to have moving parts that will slide over each other during a strong earthquake. When the parts slide over each other, they create friction which uses some of the energy from the earthquake that goes into the building. The damper is made up from a set of steel plates, with slotted holes in them, and they are bolted together. At high enough forces, the plates can slide over each other creating friction. The plates are specially treated to increase the friction between them.
FRICTION DAMPERS
A purely elastic material is one in which all the energy stored in the sample during loading and is returned when the load is removed. Viscoelastic material properties frequency, temperature, stress and strain and other irreversible effects.
Typically, the dampers are huge concrete blocks or steel bodies mounted in skyscrapers or other structures, and moved in opposition to the resonance frequency oscillations of the structure by means of springs, fluid or pendulums.
DIFFERENCE
METALLIC DEVICE The metallic device is referred to as a rate-independent device. The metallic device is rate independent since the resisting force in the device is a function only of the relative displacement across the device.
VISCOUS DEVICE The viscous device is classified as a rate-dependent device. The viscous device is rate dependent since the resisting force in the device is dependent, in part or in full, on the relative velocity across the device