Agenda

Analog & Digital Communication Briefly discuss about OSI reference model Wired & Wireless communication Under Wireless communication 1G 2G(GSM) 3GUMTS
UE UTRAN CN

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Analog Communication
Analog Communication is a data transmitting technique in a format that utilizes continuous signals to transmit data. An analog signal is a variable signal continuous in both time and amplitude which is generally carried by use of modulation.

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Digital Communication
While analog communications is the transfer of continuously varying information signal, Digital communications is the transfer of discrete messages. The messages are either represented by a sequence of pulses (baseband transmission), or by a limited set of continuously varying wave forms (pass-band transmission), using a digital modulation method.

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Advantages of Digital over Analog

Good Efficiency

Better Performance
Flexibility

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OSI Model basics

OSI Layer Model

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The OSI (Open systems interconnection) Layer approach (I)

Basic principles of OSI Model

The OSI reference model describes end-to-end communication between two devices The required functionalities are split up between several layers because it would be too complex (SW development, maintenance) and simply not to handle to integrate everything in one layer Each layer uses the functionalities offered from the layer immediately beneath it, and provides functionalities for use by the layer above it

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End System A, e.g. PC

End System B, e.g. Internet Server Application Layer Presentation Layer

Application Layer Presentation Layer

Application

6 5 4
3 2 1

Session Layer
Transport Layer Network Layer Data Link Layer Physical Layer

e2e control of data transmission

Session Layer

(e.g. re-transmit of lost packets (for TCP)) Transport Layer Routing through the network Network Layer Logical interconnection on single link (e.g. Bit error recognition/correction) Physical interconnection on single link
Data Link Layer Physical Layer Physical Interconnection Media

Physical Interconnection Media

Communication is established between end systems

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OSI Layer Model (I)

Layer 4 Transport (TCP/UDP)
(TCP: Transmission control protocol; UDP: User Datagram protocol)

Layer 4 controls how the traffic flows through the network (i.e. lost data repeated or not).

Layer 3 Network (IP)

Layer 3 controls where the traffic flows through the network (i.e. over which links).

Layer 2 Data Link

The Layer 2 protocols controls how traffic flows from hop to hop or through a part of the network.

Layer 1 Physical Layer

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The Layer 1 performs the actual physical transmission.

OSI Layer Model (I)

Layer 5 Session Layer This layer establishes, manages and terminates connections between applications. It deals with session and connection coordination.

Layer 6 Presentation Layer

The presentation layer works to transform data into the form that the application layer can accept. It is sometimes called the syntax layer.

Layer 7 Application Layer

This layer supports application and end-user processes. Everything at this layer is applicationspecific.

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Introduction to Wired & Wireless communication

.

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Wired Communication
It refers to the transmission of data over a wired-based communication technology. Eg:- Telephone N/Ws, Cable Television, Fiber optic Communication. Also Waveguide is considered as wired line.

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Wireless Communication
Wireless communication is the transfer of information over a distance without the use of electrical conductors or wires. Wireless communication is considered to be a branch of Telecommunications.

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Wireless Communication Applications

Cellular Telephones (phones & Modems)

Wi-Fi
*Wireless Energy Transfer (Power Txion)

Bluetooth

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1G
Analog based cellular services Circuit switching Services voice

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2G (GSM)
Introduction to Digital Technologies Circuit switching Services Voice Low rate-data

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3G (UMTS)
Designed for data Packet switching Services Voice High speed data rates

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UMTS Network Architecture

The UMTS network is be modeled on three basic subsystems:

User Equipment (UE), Access Network (AS) and Core Network (CN)

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UMTS Basic Architecture

.

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UMTS System Architecture

Uu

Iu

Node B RNC Node B

Iub Iur

MSC/ VLR

GMSC
External Networks CN

HLR

ME

Node B RNC Node B

UE UTRAN

SGSN

GGSN

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User Equipment (UE)

The UMTS standard does not restrict the functionality of the User Equipment in any way. Most of these UMTS identity types are taken directly from GSM specifications. International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI)

International Mobile Station Equipment Identity (IMEI)

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UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network (UTRAN)

.

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Node B Functionalities
Air interface Transmission / Reception Modulation / Demodulation CDMA Channel coding Error Handling

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Functions of RNC
Radio Resource Control Channel Allocation Power Control Settings Handover Control Segmentation / Reassembly

Broadcast Signalling

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Core Network (CN)

The Core Network is divided Circuit switched and packet switched domains. Some of the circuit switched elements are Mobile services Switching Centre (MSC), Visitor location register (VLR) and Gateway MSC. Packet switched elements are Serving GPRS Support Node (SGSN) and Some network elements, like HLR, VLR and AUC are shared by both domains

Gateway GPRS Support Node (GGSN).

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