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Review of Anatomy and Physiology of The Nervous System: Kristine June M. Capili, M.D
Review of Anatomy and Physiology of The Nervous System: Kristine June M. Capili, M.D
Structural Classification
Central nervous system
Brain Spinal cord
Functional Classification
Sensory/ afferent division
Somatic sensory fibers Visceral sensory fibers
NEUROTRANSMITTERS
Communicate messages from one neuron to another or from a neuron to a specific target tissue Manufactured and stored in synaptic vesicles Enable conduction of impulses across the synaptic cleft Has an affinity for specific receptors in the postsynaptic bulb
Neurotransmitters
Communicate messages from one neuron to another or to a specific target tissue
Neurotransmitters can potentiate, terminate, or modulate a specific action or can excite or inhibit a target cell See Table 60-1 Many neurologic disorders are due to imbalance in neurotransmitters
NEUROTRANSMITTERS
Acetylcholine (major transmitter of the parasympathetic nervous system) Serotonin Dopamine Norepinephrine (major transmitter of the sympathetic nervous sytem) Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) Enkephalin, endorphin
Brain
Cerebral gray matter/ cortex
Frontal lobe Parietal lobe Occipital lobe Temporal lobe Central lobe (insula)
Cerebral cortex
Both the left and right cortex interpret sensory data, store memory, learn and form concepts
LEFT CORTEX
Has dominance for systematic analysis, language speech, mathematics, abstraction, and reasoning
RIGHT CORTEX
Has dominance for assimilation and activities such as dancing, gymnastics, music and art appreciation
Frontal lobe
Precentral gyrus
Primary motor cortex Controls voluntary motor activities
Frontal lobe
Precentral gyrus Premotor area
Also associated with voluntary motor activities
Frontal lobe
Precentral gyrus Premotor area Brocas area
Motor speech
Prefrontal areas
Frontal lobe
Precentral gyrus Premotor area Brocas area Prefrontal areas
Control attention span over time (concentration) Motivation Ability to formulate or select goals Ability to plan, initiate, maintain or terminate actions Ability to self-monitor, use feedback Contribute to reasoning, problem solving activities and emotional stability by inhibiting the limbic areas of the cerebrum
Parietal lobe
Primary somatic area
Postcentral gyrus Primary receptive (interpretation) areas for tactile sensations such as temperature, touch and pressure
Parietal lobe
Primary somatic area Somatic association area
Same Concept formation and abstraction
Parietal lobe
Primary somatic area Somatic association area Right parietal areas
Dominant for spatial orientation and awareness of size and shape (stereognosis) and body position
Occipital lobe
Primary visual receptive (interpretation) area Visual association area
Where visual memories are stored, which contribute to a persons ability to visually recognize and understand his or her environment
Temporal lobe
Primary auditory receptive (interpretation) area Sensory auditory association areas
Left
Spoken language Memories are stored here
Right
Sound memories such as music, animal sounds, noises are stored here
Wernickes area
For language comprehension
Cross Section of the Spinal Cord Showing the Major Spinal Tracts
Posterior tracts
Carry sensation for fine touch and vibration
Cranial Nerves
SPINAL NERVES
31 pairs; 8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, 1 coccygeal The dorsal roots are sensory and transmit sensory impulses from specific areas of the body to the dorsal ganglia DERMATOMES
Is the band of skin innervated by the sensory root (dorsal root) of a single spinal nerve
The ventral roots are motor and transmit impulses from the spinal cord to the body
LMN LESIONS
Loss of voluntary control Decreased muscle tone Flaccid muscle paralysis Muscle atrophy Absent or decreased reflexes
Dermatome Distribution
Parasympathetic NS
Controls mostly visceral functions
Each time anyone comes in contact with us, they must become different and better people because of having met us. We must radiate Gods love. We must know that we have been created for greater things, not just to be a number in the world, not just to go for diplomas and degrees, this work and that work. We have been created in order to love and to be loved. Love does not measure it just gives.
- Mother Theresa -