HYBRID CARS

Presented by : MANOJ.K (1BT00ME021)

CONTENTS
1. 2 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. INTRODUCTION 1.1 WHAT IS HYBRID SYSTEM? 1.2 THREE TYPES OF HYBRID SYSTEM 1.3 CHARACTERISTICS OF HYBRID SYSTEM NECESSITY OF HYBRID CARS 2.1 PROBLEMS IN CONVENTIONAL CARS HYBRID COMPONENTS HYBRID ENGINE-ATKINSON CYCLE ELECTRIC MOTOR GENERATOR HYBRID BATTERIES POWER CONTROL UNIT HYBRID TRANSMISSION 9.1 POWER SPLIT DEVICE 9.2 ACTION OF ENGINE GENERATOR AND MOTOR REGENERATIVE BRAKING SYSTEM OPERATION AND CONTROL ADVANTAGES OF HYBRID CARS FUTURE SCOPE CONCLUSION BIBLIOGRAPHY

10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15.

INTRODUCTION

What is a hybrid system? Fusion between an internal combustion engine and electric motor-achieving different functions through different power combinations . TYPES OF HYBRID SYSTEMS: SERIES HYBRID PARALLEL HYBRID SERIES/PARALLEL HYBRID

SERIES HYBRID

PARALLEL HYBRID

SERIES/PARALLEL HYBRID

RATIO OF ENGINE &MOTOR OPERATION

CHARACTERISTICS OF HYBRID CARS

1) Energy-loss reduction The system automatically stops the idling of the engine (idling stop), thus reducing the energy that would normally be wasted. 2) Energy recovery and reuse The energy that would normally be wasted as heat during deceleration and braking is recovered as electrical energy, which is then used to power the starter and the electric motor. 3) Motor assist The electric motor assists the engine during acceleration. 4) High-efficiency operation control The system maximizes the vehicle's overall efficiency by using the electric motor to run the vehicle under operating conditions in which the engine's efficiency is low and by generating electricity under operating conditions in which the engine's efficiency is high.

The series/parallel hybrid system has all of these characteristics and therefore provides both superior fuel efficiency and driving performance

NECESSITY OF HYBRID CARS

TO REDUCE EMISSION LEVELS. TO IMPROVE THE MILEAGE. TO ACHIEVE CAF(CORPORATE AVERAGE FUEL ECONOMY) TO OVERCOME THE PROBLEMS OF CONVENTIONAL CARS AND ELECTRIC CARS (LIKE, FREQUENT RE-FUELING LENGTHY RE-FUELING TIME LESS POWERFULL) THE CAR ENGINE NEEDS TO PROVIDE POWER FOR THREE THINGS WHEN DRIVING AT ABOUT 80 KMPH 1. OVERCOME THE AERO-DYNAMIC DRAG. 2. OVERCOME ALL THE FRICTION IN THE CAR 3. TO PROVIDE POWER FOR ACCESSORIES. ALL THESE THINGS REQUIRE ONLY 20 HP, SO THERE IS NO NEED FOR 200 HP CARS. HENCE HYBRID CARS WERE DEVELOPED.

HYBRID COMPONENTS
HYBRID ENGINE & FUEL TANK ELECTRIC MOTOR GENERATOR HYBRID BATTERIES HYBRID TRANSMISSION POWER CONTROL UNIT REGENERATIVE BRAKING

Atkinson Cycle

A heat cycle engine proposed by James Atkinson (U.K.) in which compression stroke and expansion stroke duration can be set independently. Subsequent improvement by R. H. Miller (U.S.A.) allowed adjustment of intake valve opening/closing timing to enable a practical system (Miller Cycle). Thermal efficiency is high, but because this engine does not easily provide high output it has virtually no practical application unless used with a supercharger

ENGINE-ATKINSON CYCLE

IN CONVENTIONAL ENGINES COMPRETION STROKE VOLUME= EXPANSION STROKE VOLUME. IN ATKINSON CYCLE:- EXPANSION RATIO > COMPRESSION. BY DELAYING THE CLOSING OF INTAKE VALVE--- THIS DELAYS THE START OF COMPRESSION STROKE, THIS INTURN INCREASES EXPANSION RATIO.

MOTOR
MOTOR PERFORMANCE CURVES

AC SYNCHRONOUS TYPE. IT USES NEODYMIUM MAGENETS AS STATOR. STACKED ELECTROMAGNETIC STEEL PLATES AS ROTOR. MAGNETS ARE ARRANGED IN V SHAPES TO IMPROVE THE TORQUE AND OUTPUT POWER.

GENERATOR
IT IS SIMILAR TO MOTOR. AC SYNCHRONOUS TYPE. MAX 10000 RPM. IMPROVES ACCLERATION IN LOW SPEED RANGES.

HYBRID BATTERIES

COMPACT, HIGH PERFORMANCE LESS INTERNAL RESISTANCE NICKEL-METAL HYDRIDE RECEIVES CHARGING FROM MOTOR AND GENERATOR DOES NOT REQUIRE EXTERNAL CHARGING MOST OF THE TIME ALSO CONSISTS OF CONVERTOR AND INVERTOR INVERTOR: DC TO AC CONVERTOR: BOOST VOLTAGE

PCU
HIGH VOLTAGE POWER CIRCUIT MAX VOLTAGE=500V IT USES IGB
Power, which expresses the work performed by electricity within a given amount of time, is calculated by multiplying voltage by current. If the power necessary for driving the motor is held constant, the above formula indicates that doubling the voltage reduces the current by 1/2. Next, by following Joule's Law (Calorie = Current2 x Resistance), the power loss in terms of calories is reduced to 1/4 (1/2 Current x 1/2 Current) if the resistance is held constant. The high-voltage power circuit in THS II increases power by increasing the voltage while keeping the current constant. Furthermore, for the same power level, increasing the voltage and reducing the current reduces energy loss, resulting in higher efficiency. IT USES IGBT (INSULATED GATE BI-POLAR TRANSISTOR)

HYBRID TRANSMISSION

POWER SPLIT DEVICE

ACTION OF ENGINE, GENERATOR AND MOTOR

REGENERATIVE BRAKING

ECB
Electronically Controlled Braking System (ECB) controls the coordination between the hydraulic brake of the ECB and the regenerative brake and preferentially uses the regenerative brake; it also uses a high-output battery and increases the amount of energy that can be recovered and the range in which it can be recovered. The system increases overall efficiency and, thus, fuel economy
BRAKING SYSTEM WITHOUT ECB BRAKING SYSTEM WITH ECB

SYSTEM OPERATION & CONTROL

1 Start and low to mid-range speeds The engine stops when in an inefficient range, such as at start-up and in low to midrangespeeds. The vehicleruns on the motor alone. (A)

2 Driving under normal conditions Engine power is divided by the power split device. Some of the power turns the generator, which in turn drives the motor. (B)The rest of the power drives the wheels directly. (C)Power allocation is controlled to maximize efficiency.

3 Sudden acceleration Extra power is supplied from the battery (A), while the engine and high-output motor provide smooth response (B+C) for improved acceleration characteristics

4 Deceleration, braking The high-output motor acts as a high-output generator, driven by the vehicle's wheels. This regenerative braking system recovers kinetic energy as electrical energy, which is stored in the high-performance battery. (D)

5 Battery recharging Battery level is managed to maintain sufficient reserves. The engine drives the generator to recharge the battery when necessary. (E)

6 At rest The engine stops automatically.

SYSTEM CONTROL DIAGRAM

IT USES BY WIRE CONTROL SYSTEM

ADVANTAGES OF HYBRID CARS

It gives better mileage (30-45kmpl) The emission level in these vehicles are very low since engine is used at the most efficient load and speed ranges . It uses a blend of conventional and nonconventoinal energy sources. Since the maximum speed of the engine is low it allows the use of light weight components which increases its operational efficiency. Hybrid uses electric motors which is rated for higher torques hence can give smooth accelaration during startups. Since it uses regenerative braking system energy is recovered from the wheels during braking and stored in the battery,hence increasing its energy efficiency. Use of high voltage power circuit reduces the heat loses due to resistance of system. This improves electrical efficiency. Hybrid car does not require frequent refueling or recharging as in case of electric cars. The accelaration produced in hybrid cars can be greater than that produced in conventional cars. These cars are erogonomically designed to give maximum driving comfort.

FUTURE SCOPE
Hybrid cars currently available are TOYOTA PRUIS HONDA INSIGHT HONDA CIVIC HYBRID

The 2000 Honda Insight hybrid electric car

The Toyota Prius

The new "contractor special" hybrid Dodge Ram pickup.

Some other hybrids that are being considered for

production are:

Chrysler Citadel concept vehicle

Dodge PowerBox hybrid concept vehicle. The PowerBox is powered by Natural gas and electricity.

Below are some of the models manufacturers plan to introduce in the market.

Recently MARUTI UDYOG LIMITED has unvieled a new hybrid car called TWIN .

CONCLUSION
All this shows that the hybrid technology is catching up in INDIA also .hybrid cars is the current trend and the future of the automotive industry.Hybrid vehicles have their own positive aspects like better mileage, lesser pollution level, and also leads to use of non conventional energy sources. It transforms the current automobile technology to the hybridized era. Thus hybrid vehicles are the need of the hour and are here to stay.

BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. 2. 3. WWW.HOWSTUFFWORKS.COM WWW.TOYOTA.CO.JP/TECHNOLOGY WWW.VIVISIMO.COM