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Reaction Turbine
Reaction Turbine
Reaction Turbine
TOPICS Degree of reaction Velocity diagrams Blade efficiency and its derivation Calculation of blade height Requirement of an ideal working fluid Methods of attachment of blades to turbine rotor Losses in steam turbine Labyrinth packing and governing of steam turbine Blade materials
DEGREE OF REACTION
This is defined as the ratio of isentropic heat drop in the moving blade to the sum of the isentropic heat drop in the fixed blade and the moving blade i.e. in a stage. When the degree of reaction is half i.e. 0.5, it is called parsons reaction turbine. In parsons reaction turbine, it is assumed that the mean diameter of fixed as well as moving blades is same and the blade height is uniform throughout all the stages, thus the velocity triangle abd and adf will be similar.
VELOCITY DIAGRAM
Blade Efficiency
Blade Efficiency - It is the ratio of work done on blade to the energy supply to the blade. Energy supplied to the J/s W.D= m (Vw Vw1 )vb J/S
mV 2
mV 2
2 mV 2
mV12 2
V V1 b V2
V 2 V12 b V2
Blade efficiency is minimum when V1 is minimum. From the combined velocity triangle For max. efficiency steam should leave the turbine at right angle to their motion.
b m ax
2VwVb V2
2 Vw Vb b max V2
2 Vw 0.5Vw V2
V 2 cos 2 V2
b m ax cos 2
3 Steam friction losses in blade passage: While plotting the velocity triangles for impulse turbine ,mention was made of the fact that the steam experiences resistance to it motion when flowing through the blade passage. The effect of this resistance is considered by taking a factor K defined as blade velocity coefficient. The losses in blade passages mainly due to: a) Energy losses which occur when the steam meets the leading edges of the blade passage. b) Friction losses in the blade passage. c) Leaving or wake losses due to the formation of eddies as soon as steam leaves the blade passage. 4 Residual velocity losses: The steam leaves the turbine with the certain absolute velocity, the equivalent kinetic energy of which is wasted.
Exhaust losses = (Ca2)2/2gcJ Kcal/Kg
If H is the isentropic heat drop, than percentage loss due to leaving velocity is by :
= (Ca2)2/2gcJ.
H * 100
In the single stage impulse wheel these loss may be as high as 10-12%. However in multistage turbine the loss is much less because of a part of this utilized when the steam passes to the next stage. When this kinetic energy is pass to the next stage. 5 Loss due to leakage : The steam leakage occur at the following points : a) Between the shaft and the bearing. b) Around the tips of the reaction turbine blades. The leakage loss is 1-2% and is reduced by the use of seal strips and labyrinth packings. 6 Loss due to mechanical friction in the bearing : The friction in the bearings can be kept to the minimum by a proper lubrication system. 7 Loss due to radiation Usually the turbines are heavily insulted to reduce the heat loss to surroundings by radiation and as such these losses are negligible.
Blade Materials
Among the Materials that have been found to be Suitable for Use in Blades are Steels , Titanium Alloys and Nickel Base Alloys All the three types of alloys which are mainly used, have varying Proportions of Chromium and Aluminum to improve the strength and corrosion at High Temperatures. Different Alloy Compositions have been Developed which have a good Stability to withstand the thermal Stresses. Alloys have been Modified to give Good Erosion-Corrosion Characteristics to the Blades. Manufacturing of Blades Determine the Strength, Uniformity of Micro-Structure.
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