Announcements

I. HW5 will be online today CIDR, subnets, routing

due in one week

MULTICAST AND IGMPv3

Internet Protocols
CSC / ECE 573 Fall, 2005 N. C. State University

II. Correction to calendar!

copyright 2005 Douglas S. Reeves

Todays Lecture
I. Multicasting Overview

II. IGMPv3
III. Multicast Datagram Forwarding

MULTICASTING OVERVIEW

copyright 2005 Douglas S. Reeves

Unicast
N1

Multicast (No Sharing)

N1 R1 R8 R2 N2

Simplest case: single source, single destination Router just looks up destination address, decides how to forward
Dgram Source Copy 1 N1 Destination N4

N8

One source, m<n destinations Source sends m datagram copies, each with one destination
Dgram Source Copy Destination N4 N6 N7

N8 R8

R1 R2

N2

N7

R7

R3

N3

N7

R7

R3

N3

R6 N6 R5 N5
copyright 2005 Douglas S. Reeves

R4 N4

R6 N6 R5 N5

R4 N4

1 2 3

N1 N1 N1

copyright 2005 Douglas S. Reeves

Multicast (With Sharing)

N1

Broadcast (With Sharing)

N1 N2 R2

One source, m<n destinations Source sends 1 datagram copy, with a multicast destination address
Dgram Source Copy 1 N1 Destination M23

N8 R8

R1

One source, n destinations Source sends 1 datagram copy, with a broadcast destination address
Dgram Source Copy Destination All

N8 R8

R1 R2

N2

N7

R7

R3

N3

N7

R7

R3

N3

R6 N6 R5 N5
copyright 2005 Douglas S. Reeves

R4 N4

R6 N6 R5 N5

R4 N4

N1

copyright 2005 Douglas S. Reeves

Example Multicast Applications

Streaming video on-demand Radio stations Stock quotes Multi-user games File sharing (e.g. P2P) Service location
copyright 2005 Douglas S. Reeves

Possible Approaches to Multicasting

Source simply unicasts data to each of the receivers
advantages?

Source broadcasts to everyone, receivers accept content if they are interested in it

advantages?

Source unicasts data, and the network replicates and forwards it to the multicast group
advantages?

copyright 2005 Douglas S. Reeves

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Some Challenges
Non-trivial modifications to routing protocols (and routers) Potential for abuse (spammers!) Dynamic multicast group membership Multicast address allocation and discovery Heterogeneity in receiver and network bandwidths Simultaneous, reliable transmission (flow and congestion control)
copyright 2005 Douglas S. Reeves

Receiver-Oriented Multicast
Hosts decide whether they wish to join (become a member of) the multicast group
may join and leave dynamically i.e., subscribe to the service

Groups may be static or dynamic

how find out what multicast groups exist? how find out what multicast address is being used?

Source does not need to know who the members are, but routers do
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copyright 2005 Douglas S. Reeves

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IPv4 Multicast Addresses

Class D addresses (224.0.0.0 to 239.255.255.255) A part of this range is reserved for control messages, e.g.,
224.0.0.1 = All systems on this subnet 224.0.0.2 = All routers on this subnet 224.2.0.0/16 = SAP / SDP messages

IPv4 Multicast Addresses (contd)

Multicast addresses may only be used as destination addresses No ICMP error messages can be generated for multicast datagrams

0 1110

4 Multicast address

31

copyright 2005 Douglas S. Reeves

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copyright 2005 Douglas S. Reeves

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Ethernet Multicast Addresses

Ethernet multicast addresses have a 01 (hex) in the most significant 8 bits of the address Mapping is not unique
more than one IPv4 multicast address may map to the same Ethernet multicast address means receivers have to check whether they are supposed to get this datagram
IPv4 MC address Ethernet MC address 0 0 1110
5 bits of IP MC address not used

DYNAMIC GROUP MEMBERSHIP WITH IGMPv3

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4 Multicast address

25 Multicast address

47
15

00000001 00000000 01011110 0

copyright 2005 Douglas S. Reeves

IGMPv3 (RFC 3376)

Purpose: notify routers which hosts (on a directlyattached LAN) are interested in receiving data sent to a specific multicast address
application application application application

IGMPv3 Phases
Phase 1 (Host join)
send IGMP Request to an IPv4 multicast address, received (and noted) by directly attached routers these routers can notify other routers in the network (not part of IGMP)

ICMP

TCP

UDP

IGMP

Phase 2 (maintenance)
router periodically multicasts IGMP Query to all hosts on the local network to determine whether any hosts are still members of any MC groups if no host replies, router notifies other routers (not part of IGMP)
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copyright 2005 Douglas S. Reeves

ARP

IP

RARP

copyright 2005 Douglas S. Reeves

Ethernet Driver

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IGMPv3 Messages: Query

Message format for query
0x11=Query Maximum time to wait until responding to the query

IGMPv3 Messages: Report

Message format for report
0x12=Report Type Not used Not used Maximum time to wait until responding to a query Checksum Number of Addresses

Type

Response Time

Checksum

Multicast Group Address

Multicast Group Address Response Multicast Group Address Responses

Routers multicast IGMP query to all hosts (224.0.0.1) once every 125 seconds
general (any group) group-specific
copyright 2005 Douglas S. Reeves

Hosts listen for responses from other hosts in the same group before responding
to suppress duplicate response traffic
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copyright 2005 Douglas S. Reeves

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IGMPv3 Messages (contd)

A host leaving a multicast group sends an explicit Leave message if it previously responded to a IGMP query for that group

MULTICAST DATAGRAM FORWARDING

copyright 2005 Douglas S. Reeves

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Multicasting Over the Internet

Source must establish multicast distribution tree connecting it to destinations in the MC group Many ways for doing this, none widely adopted A basic idea: reverse path forwarding (RPF)
from each destination, follow (in reverse) the forwarding path from that destination to the source merge paths when possible
N7

Example of RPF
N1 R1 R8 R2 N8 N2

R7

R3

N3

R6 N6 R5 N5

R4 N4

copyright 2005 Douglas S. Reeves

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copyright 2005 Douglas S. Reeves

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Multicast Forwarding
A host must send the datagram to a multicast router
multicast routers recognize multicast addresses and forward datagram out multiple interfaces do not send a copy along a path if that path does not lead to a member of the group

Summary
Multicasting is intended to be more efficient than multiple unicasts
requires support from the network for replicating and forwarding datagrams

IGMP informs routers of what multicast addresses the hosts on a LAN are subscribed to Multicast adds substantial complexity and is not widely used in the Internet despite 15 years of effort, many standards
why not?

copyright 2005 Douglas S. Reeves

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copyright 2005 Douglas S. Reeves

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Next Lecture
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP)

copyright 2005 Douglas S. Reeves

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