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3A Redox Reaction
3A Redox Reaction
Redox reaction are chemical reactions involving oxidation and reduction occurring simultaneously.
Explanation of RR based on
Example 1:
Gains oxygen (oxidation)
2CuO(s)
C(s)
2Cu(s) + CO2(g)
CuO is reduced to Cu C is oxidized to CO2 CuO acts as oxidizing agent (oxidant) C acts as reducing agent (reductant)
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Explanation of RR based on
Example 2:
Gains hydrogen (reduction)
H2S(g)
+ Cl2 (g)
Loses hydrogen (oxidation)
S(s) + 2HCl(g)
H2S is oxidized to S Cl2 is reduced to HCl Cl2 acts as oxidizing agent (oxidant) H2S acts as reducing agent (reductant)
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Practice A1:
Study the following equations and identify the oxidized substances, reduced substances, oxidant and reductant.
a)2HBr(aq) + Cl2(l) 2HCl(aq) + Br2(l) b)Mg(s) + PbO(s) MgO(s) + Pb(s) c)CH4(g) + Cl2(g) CH3Cl(g) + HCl(g) d)Fe3O4(s) + 4CO(g) 3Fe(s) + 4CO2(g) e)PbS(s) + 4H2O2(aq) PbSO4(s) + 4H2O(l)
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Explanation of RR based on
Transfer of Electrons
Oxidation is the loss of electrons Reduction is the gain of electrons Oxidizing Agent is electron acceptors Reducing Agent is electron donors
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Example 3:
Zn(s)
+ Cu2+ (s)
Loses electron (oxidation)
Loss eGain e-
------------------------------------------------------------Zn(s) + Cu2+ (s) + 2e- Zn2+ (aq) + Cu(s) + 2e---------------------------------------------------------------------Ionic Eq. Zn(s) + Cu2+ (s) Zn2+ (aq) + Cu(s) ========================================= 11
Practice A2:
Study the following redox reactions a) Cu(s) + 2Ag+(aq) Cu2+ (aq) + 2Ag(s) b) Cl2(g) + 2Br(aq) 2Cl(aq) + Br2(l) c) Ca(s) + 2HCl(aq) CaCl2(aq) + H2(g) d) 2Na(s) + Cl2(g) 2NaCl(s) e) 2Fe2+(aq) + Br2(aq) 2Fe3+(aq) + 2Br(aq) For each of the above reaction above, i) Write the half equations ii) Identify the
Oxidized substance Reduced substance Oxidizing agent Reducing agent based on the transfer of electrons
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Assume that the oxidation number of nitrogen is X The ON of H in NH3 is +1 (rule 3) The sum of ON of all atoms = 0 (rule 6) Thus , x + 3(+1) = 0 x+3=0 x = 3
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Cu2O x 2
Assume that the oxidation number of copper is X The ON of O in Cu2O is 2 (rule 4) The sum of ON of all atoms = 0 (rule 6) Thus , 2x + (2) = 0 2x 2 = 0 x = +1
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SO4 2 x 2
Assume that the oxidation number of sulphur is X The ON of O in SO42 is 2 (rule 4) The sum of ON of all atoms = 2 (rule 6) Thus , x + 4(2) = 2 x 8 = 2 x = +6
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Assume that the oxidation number of manganese is X The ON of O in MnO4 is 2 (rule 4) The sum of ON of all atoms = 1 (rule 6) Thus , x + 4(2) = 1 x 8 = 1 x = +7
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Practice A3:
Determine the oxidation number of the underlined elements in the following compound a) CO2 b)MgF2 c) H3PO4 d) V2O5 e) CO f) NH4+ g) SO3 h) ClO4i) N2O j) H2O2 k) S2O32 l) CrO42 m) Cr2O72 n) Al2O3 o) BrO3 p)VO2 q) PbO22 r) NO3 s) NO2 t) CO32 u) HCl v) HClO w) HClO2 x)ClO2 y) HClO3 z)HClO4
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FeCl2
FeCl3 CuCl CuSO4 Mn(NO3)2 MnO2
+2
+3 +1 +2 +2 +4
Iron(II) chloride
Iron(III) chloride Copper(I) chloride Copper(II) sulphate Manganese(II) nitrate Manganese(IV) oxide
K4Fe(CN)6
K3Fe(CN)6
+2
+3
+4 +6 +3 +5 +3 +5 +6
Sodium sulphite Sodium sulphate Sodium nitrite Sodium nitrate Nitrous acid Nitric acid Sulphuric acid
Sodium sulphate(IV) Sodium sulphate(VI) Sodium nitrate(III) Sodium nitrate(V) Nitric(III) acid Nitric (V) acid Sulphuric (VI) acid
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Example 4:
2Mg(s)
Oxidation Number 0 0
+ O2 (s)
Increase in oxidation number
2MgO(s)
+2 2
+2
Mg2+
O2
Mg
O2-
-2
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Explanation
The oxidation number of Magnesium increases from 0 to +2. Magnesium undergoes oxidation to magnesium ion The oxidation number of Oxygen decrease from 0 to 2 Oxygen undergoes reduction to oxide ion Magnesium acts as reducing agent Oxygen acts as oxidizing agent
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Practice A4
a) b) c) d) 2H2 + O2 2H2O 2Na + Br2 2NaBr Pb + 2Ag+ Pb2+ + 2Ag Zn + 2HCl ZnCl2 + H2
Explain the above redox reactions based on the changes in oxidation number. Your explanation should includes: i) oxidized and reduced substance in each reaction. Give reason for your answer. ii) oxidizing agent and reducing agent in each reaction. State what happens to them
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Reduction
Loss of Oxygen Gain of Hydrogen Gain of Electron Decrease in Oxidation Number
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Combustion Extraction of Metals Corrosion of Metals Electrochemistry ( Reaction happen in Electrolytic Cell and Voltaic Cell) Change of Fe2+ to Fe3+ and vice versa Displacement of Metal from its salt solution Displacement of halogen from its halide solution Transfer of electrons at a distance
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Fe2+
oxidation
Fe3+
Oxidation of
2+ Fe
to
3+ Fe
Procedure: 1. Pour 2cm3 of freshly prepared iron(II) sulphate, FeSO4 solution into a test tube. 2. Using a dropper, add bromine water drop by drop until no further changes are observed. 3. Warm the test tube gently 4. Add NaOH solution slowly into the test tube until it excess. 5. Record the observation.
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FeSO4 + Br2
Reddish brown bromine water was decolourized. Green FeSO4 solution turn brown. When NaOH solution was added, a brown precipitate formed. The precipitate is insoluble in excess NaOH
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Oxidation of
Half Equation:
2+ Fe
to
3+ Fe
Oxidation
Ionic Equation :
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Reduction of
3+ Fe
to
2+ Fe
Procedure: 1. Pour 2cm3 of iron(III) sulphate, Fe2(SO4)3 solution into a test tube. 2. Add half a spatula of zinc powder to the solution. Shake the mixture until no further changes are observed. 3. Filter the mixture. 4. Add NaOH solution slowly into the filtrate until in excess. 5. Record the observation.
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Reduction of
Solution Used
3+ Fe
to
2+ Fe
Observations
Fe2(SO4)3 + Zn
Part of Zn powder dissolved. Brown Fe2(SO4)3 solution turn green. When NaOH solution was added to the filtrate, a green precipitate was formed. The precipitate is insoluble in water.
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Reduction of
Half Equation:
3+ Fe
to
2+ Fe
Oxidation : Zn(s) Zn2+ (aq) + 2eReduction : Fe3+ (aq) + e- Fe2+(aq) -------------------------------------------------------------------------Ionic Equation : Zn(s) + 2Fe3+ (aq) Zn2+ (aq) + 2Fe2+(aq) ============================================
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Displacement of Metals
A metal displacement reaction involves a metal and the salt solution of another metal. Displacement Reaction took place if any of these observation is obtained:
a deposition of solid occurs at the bottom of the test tube. a change in colour of the salt solution a decrease in the amount or size of the metal used Test tube becomes hotter
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Displacement of Metals
A more electropositive metal can displace a less electropositive metal from its aqueous salt solution. A less electropositive metal cannot displace a more electropositive metal from its aqueous salt solution
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Displacement of Metals
K Na Ca More electropositive
Mg
Al Zn Fe Sn Pb Cu Less electropositive
A more electropositive metal is located at higher position in the electrochemical series, ES. A less electropositive metal is located at lower position in the electrochemical series, ES.
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Hg
Ag
Displacement of Metals
Examples:
Fe(s) + CuSO4(aq) Cu(s) + FeSO4(aq) Cu(s) + 2AgNO3(aq) 2Ag(s) + Cu(NO3)2(aq)
Displacement of Metals
Zinc displaces copper metal from copper(II) sulphate solution Zn(s) + CuSO4(aq) Cu(s) + ZnSO4(aq)
Half Equation: Zn(s) Zn2+(aq) + 2e- (Oxidation) Cu2+(aq) + 2e- Cu(s) (Reduction) Overall ionic equation: Zn(s) + Cu2+(aq) Cu(s) + Zn2+ (aq)
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Displacement of Metals
Observation: (a) Brown copper metal deposited (b) The colour of the solution changes from blue to colourless. (c) The temperature of the mixture increases. ( all displacement reaction are exothermic)
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Displacement of Halogen
A more reactive halogen can displace a less reactive halogen from its aqueous halide salt solution. A less reactive halogen cannot displace a more reactive halogen from its aqueous halide salt solution. Cl,
More reactive
Br,
I
Less reactive
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Colour of halogen
Halogen Chlorine Bromine
Iodine
Brown
Purple
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Displacement of halogen
Procedure: 1. 1cm3 of aqueous potassium iodide solution, 1cm3 of bromine water and 1cm3 of 1,1,1-trichloroethane are added into a test tube, labelled A. The mixture is shaken. 2. Step 1 is repeated by adding 1cm3 of aqueous potassium bromide solution, 1cm3 of chlorine water and 1cm3 of 1,1,1-trichloroethane are added into a test tube, labelled B. The mixture is shaken.
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Displacement of halogen
Result:
Test tube
Colour of CH3CCl3
Inference
Iodine displaced Bromine displaced
Purple
Brown
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Discussion
Test Tube A Cl2(aq) + 2KBr(aq) Br2(aq) + 2KCl(aq) Cl2(aq) + 2Br (aq) Br2(aq) + 2Cl (aq)
ON : 0 1 0 1
Bromine, Br2 dissolves in CH3CCl3 to give a brown colour Chlorine, Cl2 is reduced. Reducing agent are the Br ions. Bromide ions are oxidized. Oxidizing agent is Cl2.
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Discussion
Test Tube B Br2(aq) + 2KI(aq) I2(aq) + 2KBr(aq) Br2(aq) + 2I (aq) I2(aq) + 2Br (aq)
ON : 0 1 0 1
Iodine, I2 dissolves in CH3CCl3 to give a purple colour Bromine, Br2 is reduced. Reducing agent are the I ions. Iodide ions are oxidized. Oxidizing agent is Br2.
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At electrode X Iodide ions lose electron and are oxidized to brown iodine. 2I (aq) I2(aq) + 2eON: -1 0 (oxidation)
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The colour of the solution changes from colourless to brown. The e- released by the iodide ion flow from electrode X to electrode Y along the connecting wires.
At electrode Y The bromine molecules surrounding the electrode Y accept the e- and are reduced to bromide ions. Br2(aq) + 2e- 2Br(aq) ON: 0 -1 (Reduction) The colour of the solution changes from brown to colourless. Overall ionic equation: Br2(aq) + 2I(aq) 2Br(aq) + I2(aq) oxidant reductant
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At electrode X Each Iron(II) ion loses an electron and is oxidized to brown iron(III) ion. Fe2+ (aq) Fe3+ (aq) + e ON: +2 +3 (oxidation)
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The colour of the solution changes from green to brown. The e- released by the iron(II) ion flow from electrode X to electrode Y along the connecting wires.
At electrode Y The bromine molecules surrounding the electrode Y accept the e- and are reduced to bromide ions. Br2(aq) + 2e- 2Br(aq) ON: 0 -1 (Reduction) The colour of the solution changes from brown to colourless. Overall ionic equation:
Br2(aq) + Fe2+ (aq) 2Br(aq) + Fe3+ (aq) oxidant reductant
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At electrode X Each Iron(II) ion loses an electron and is oxidized to brown iron(III) ion. Fe2+ (aq) Fe3+ (aq) + e ON: +2 +3 (oxidation)
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The colour of the solution changes from green to yellow/ brown. The e- released by the iron(II) ion flow from electrode X to electrode Y along the connecting wires. At electrode Y The manganate(VII) ion, MnO4 gathered at the electrode Y accept the e- and are reduced to manganese(II) ion, Mn2+. MnO4 (aq) + 8H+ (aq) + 5e- Mn2+ (aq) + 4H2O(l) ON: +7 +2 (Reduction) The colour of the solution changes from purple to colourless.
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: : : :
iron(II) ion, Fe2+ manganese(VII) ion, MnO4 manganese(VII) ion, MnO4 iron(II) ion, Fe2+
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Practice A5
A
K2Cr2O7 (aq)
+ H2SO4(aq) H2SO4(aq) FeSO4(aq)
The figure above shows an experiment on the transfer of electron at a distance a) Identify the i) oxidizing agent ii) reducing agent iii) positive electrode iv) negative electrode b) Explain the changes at the i) negative electrode ii) positive electrode
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