1

Fieldbus

FISCO

Fieldbus

Safety analysis for conventional intrinsically safe instrument loop using the Entity Concept

Hazardous area
IS certified device

Safe area
Intrinsic Safety Interface Centralised control equipment

Certified Transmitter : Intrinsically safe IIC/Group A T4 Ui : 30V Ii : 100mA Ci : 0.01 m F Li : 100 m H

Cc : 0.12 m F Lc : 4.1mH

Certified IS interface : Intrinsically safe IIC/Group A Uo : 28V Io : 93mA

IEC 60079/14 : calculate cable parameters compare safety descriptions prepare System Descriptive document

Co : 0.13 m F Lo : 4.2mH

SYSTEM : IIC/Group A T4

Fieldbus

Safety analysis for conventional intrinsically safe instrument loop using the Entity Concept

Hazardous area
IS certified device C:cable = 0.12 m F L:cable = 4.1mH

Safe area
Intrinsic Safety Interface Centralised control equipment

Certified IS interface : Intrinsically safe IIC/Group A Certificate for each field device required Uo : 28V Io : 93mA

Co : 0.13 m F Lo : 4.2mH

Re-calculate if any subsequent modifications

Fieldbus network

Fieldbus

FF-816 Physical Layer Profile Specification

for hazardous area devices

recommends minimum input voltage current & power levels maximum input capacitance & input inductance

FF-816 Ui Ii Pi Ci Li
Ci

24 Volts 250 mA 1.2 watts 5 nF 20 uH

Bus interface output parameters
Field device input parameters

Fieldbus

Fieldbus Intrinsically Safe Concept (FISCO)

PTB, the German Test Authority, in collaboration with German

industry, examined the intrinsically safe needs of the 31.25 kbit/s physical layer of Fieldbus and developed an approach which is applicable to IEC 61158-2 the physical layer employed by both Profibus PA & Foundation Fieldbus H1 systems

A PTB report dated August 1994 provided details of the experimental evidence, from which the IEC standard has emerged

The resulting document covers all aspects of a low frequency Fieldbus system allows a system to be built with only a minimum analysis of the safety requirements allows very simple documentation

Fieldbus

The FISCO model

published in 1994
IEC 60079-27 defines the FISCO model

Fieldbus Intrinsically Safe Concept

provides clear guidelines for the design & installation of fieldbus networks in explosion protected environments

Fieldbus network
Host interface Tree

Foundation Fieldbus H1 & Profibus PA

Spur

Daisy-chain

Fieldbus

Fieldbus Intrinsically Safe Concept (FISCO)

The experimental work covered a defined range of cable parameters, circuit voltage & current; hence the permitted cable parameters in a FISCO IS circuit are limited to :
Parameter Loop resistance Loop inductance Capacitance Max length of each spur cable Max length of each trunk cable Value to 150 ohm / km to 1 mH / km to 200 nF / km

15 ohm 0.4 mH 80 nF

30 m in IIC & IIB 1 km in IIC & 5 km in IIB

Table 1 - FISCO cable parameters

These limits are not difficult to achieve, since a typical Fieldbus trunk cable has parameters of : 50 /km, 0,8 mH/km & 120 nF/km The length of the trunk is usually determined by the operational requirements.

Fieldbus

Fieldbus Intrinsically Safe Concept (FISCO)

The original Foundation Fieldbus specification (FF-816; IEC61158-2) was for a ia IIC resistive power supply, which suffers from very restrictive voltage & current

18.4V V
Resistive

80 mA

MTL5053

non-FISCO

EEx II (1) GD EEx [ia] IIC [-20 OC to +60 OC] 8

Fieldbus

Fieldbus Intrinsically Safe Concept (FISCO)

The FISCO standard examined the ignition capability of constant current power supplies it proposed acceptable levels of power for supplies with a trapezoidal characteristic, as opposed to those with a falling, resistor-limited characteristic. This permits a greater useable power for the Fieldbus trunk; particularly if the less sensitive gas group IIB (Ethylene) is declared by use of a constant current power supply, its application into Zone 0 is not allowed

17.5
Trapezoidal

Resistive

380

Fieldbus

FISCO in North America

The use of active semiconductors to limit the current results in power supplies being restricted to ib level of protection in accordance with IEC & CENELEC apparatus standards ie, system is not directly applicable to Zone 0 applications However, the design of MTL power supplies satisfies the North American requirement for intrinsically safe apparatus for Divisions 1 & 2

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Fieldbus

The FISCO model

Power Supply : constant current control : trapezoidal fall-off V max up to 17.5 volts IIC Imax 183 mA Pmax 2.56 Watts

IIB 380 mA 5.32 Watts

Safety Factor of 1.5 has been incorporated

17.5
Trapezoidal

Resistive

380

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Fieldbus

Comparison of Safety Parameters

FOUNDATION Fieldbus

FISCO Parameters

FF-816 Ui Ii Pi Ci Li
Ci

FISCO IIC 17.5 Volts 183 mA 2.56 watts 5 nF 10 uH

FISCO IIB 17.5 Volts 380 mA 5.32 watts 5 nF 10 uH

24 Volts 250 mA 1.2 watts 5 nF 20 uH

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Fieldbus

The FISCO model

The FISCO model is based on the following mandate : Each segment has only one source of power & no additional power is fed to the bus the field devices act as passive current sinks Passive line termination is in place at both ends of the main bus line Line length limited to : 1 Km in IIC : 1900 m in IIB (FF-816 limit) Spur length limited to : 30 metres (60 metres proposed) Each device : capacitance & inductance limited to Ci < 5 nF, Li < 10 uH Linear, tree, & star networks are permitted

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Fieldbus

Documentation & Inspection

Major benefits of the FISCO system are : no detailed analysis is necessary to ensure the safety of the system additions do not require reassessment of the whole system the documentation is only a list of the connected apparatus electronic format sufficient can simply cross-refer to the certification documents of the apparatus the inspection procedure is that of ensuring the system is unchanged & undamaged The reader is referred to Application Note AN9026 : Section 1.7 : Documentation & Inspection Section 8 : Certification & Safety; Documentation of FISCO Systems

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Fieldbus

FISCO - Detailed Design

The calculation of how many field devices can be powered on a bus is a simple application of Ohms Law take the current consumption of each field device, deduce the voltage drop in the trunk cable, remembering that the field devices require 9V to operate. If the assumption is : all field devices take 20mA all are located at the remote end of the IS trunk typically, the number of devices which can be powered from a IIC power supply is 5 at the end of a 600m trunk

The corresponding IIB power supply will supply 13 devices at the end of a 300m trunk demonstrating the desirability of a IIB gas classification where possible

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In practice most instruments take less than 20 mA thus permitting an increase in population

Fieldbus

Terminators
FISCO power supplies typically contain a permanently connected terminator which defines one end of the IS trunk The field end of the IS trunk also requires to be terminated Terminators are used to present a 100 impedance to each end of the trunk to match the cable characteristic impedance to avoid reflections typical certification : ATEX Category II 1 CENELEC EEx ia IIC T4 FBT1-IS Typically, the terminator is FISCO approved, and hence can be used without any further consideration of the system safety

C Terminator

100 1 F

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Fieldbus

Host
L N E

Typical application

DC supply

Power conditioner
T

Safe Area

Zone 1 / Div1 Hazardous Area

The incoming
power supply is converted to an intrinsically safe supply to feed the IS trunk

The Fieldbus
signal, which is superimposed on the IS voltage, is fed via the interface device to & from the field devices

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Fieldbus

Summary
FISCO serves all gas groups & hazardous areas The number of field devices that can be connected to a
fieldbus segment will be limited only by :

the power available the resistivity of the cable connection The segment can be extended without the need for new
calculations (within the boundaries of the FISCO model )

FISCO devices from different suppliers can be

interchanged without any re-calculation

No System certification required

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Fieldbus

Summary Entity Approach

Line length limit all gases : 1.9 Km (FF-816) Max spur length : 120 m Full calculation of safety parameters

FISCO Application

Line length limit : 1 Km in IIC : 1.9 Km in IIB (FF-816) Max spur length : 30 m ( 60 m proposed ) No cable parameter considerations required Simple interchange of devices

Tree Daisy-chain

Spur

31.25 kbit/s

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