Chapter 2

Energy and Matter

2.1 Energy

Copyright 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Energy
Energy

makes objects move. makes things stop.

is needed to do work.

Work
Work is done when

you climb. you lift a bag of

groceries. you ride a bicycle. you breathe. your heart pumps blood. water goes over a dam.
Copyright 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Potential Energy
Potential energy is energy stored for use at a later time. Examples are

water behind a dam. a compressed spring. chemical bonds in gasoline, coal, or food.
Copyright 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Kinetic Energy
Kinetic energy is the energy of matter in motion. Examples are

swimming. water flowing over a dam. working out. burning gasoline.

Copyright 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Units for Measuring Energy or Heat

Heat is measured in joules or calories. 4.184 Joules (J) = 1 calorie (cal) (exact) 1 kJ = 1000 J 1 kilocalorie (kcal) = 1000 calories (cal)

Examples of Energy In Joules

Chapter 2

Energy and Matter

2.2 Energy and Nutrition

Calorimeters
A calorimeter

is used to measure
heat transfer. can be made with a coffee cup and a thermometer. indicates the heat lost by a sample indicates the heat

Energy and Nutrition

On food labels, energy is shown as the nutritional Calorie, written with a capital C. In countries other than the U.S., energy is shown in kilojoules (kJ). 1 Cal = 1 Cal = 1 Cal = 1000 calories 1 kcal 1000 cal

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Caloric Food Values

The caloric or energy values for foods indicate the number of kcal(Cal) provided by 1 g of each type of food.
Carbohydrate: 4 kcal 1g 9 kcal 1g 4 kcal 1g

Fat (lipid):
Protein:

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Energy Values for Some Foods

TABLE 2.2

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Energy Requirements

The amount of
energy needed each day depends on age, sex, and physical activity.

TABLE 2.3

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Chapter 2

Energy and Matter

2.3 Temperature Conversions

Copyright 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings

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Temperature
Temperature is a measure of how hot or cold an object is compared to another object. indicates that heat flows from the object with a higher temperature to the object with a lower temperature. is measured using a thermometer.

Copyright 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings

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Temperature Scales
Temperature Scales

are Fahrenheit,
Celsius, and Kelvin.

have reference
points for the boiling and freezing points of water.
Copyright 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings

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Fahrenheit Formula
On the Fahrenheit scale, there are 180F between the
freezing and boiling points and on the Celsius scale, there are 100C. 180F = 9F = 1.8F 100C 5C 1C In the formula for the Fahrenheit temperature, adding 32 adjusts the zero point of water from 0C to 32F. TF = 9/5 TC + 32 or TF = 1.8 TC + 32

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Celsius Formula
TC is obtained by rearranging the equation for TF.
TF = 1.8TC + 32 Subtract 32 from both sides. TF - 32 = 1.8TC ( +32 - 32) TF - 32 = 1.8TC Divide by 1.8 = F - 32 = 1.8 TC 1.8 1.8 TF - 32 = TC 1.8

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Solving A Temperature Problem

A person with hypothermia has a body temperature of 34.8C. What is that temperature in F? TF = 1.8 TC + 32 + 32
exact exact tenth's

TF = 1.8 (34.8C)

= 62.6 + 32 = 94.6F
tenths

Copyright 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings

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Kelvin Temperature Scale

The Kelvin temperature scale has 100 units between the freezing and boiling points of water. 100 K = 100C or 1 K = 1C

is obtained by adding 273 to the Celsius temperature.

TK = TC + 273

contains the lowest possible temperature, absolute

zero (0 K). 0K = 273C

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Temperatures
TABLE 2.5

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Chapter 2 Energy and Matter

2.4 Specific Heat

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Specific Heat
Specific heat

is different for different substances. is the amount of heat that raises the temperature of 1 g
of a substance by 1C. in the SI system has units of J/gC. in the metric system has units of cal/gC.

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Examples of Specific Heats

TABLE 2.6
cal/gC 0.214 0.0920 0.0308 0.108 0.0562 0.125 0.488 0.588 0.207 0.100

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Heat Equation
Rearranging the specific heat expression gives the heat equation. Heat = g x C x J =J gC

The amount of heat lost or gained by a substance is calculated from the

mass of substance (g). temperature change (T). specific heat of the substance (J/gC).

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Chapter 2 Energy and Matter

2.5 States of Matter

Copyright 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings

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Solids
Solids have a definite shape. a definite volume. particles that are close together in a fixed arrangement. particles that move very slowly.

Copyright 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings

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Liquids
Liquids have an indefinite shape, but a definite volume. the same shape as their container. particles that are close together, but mobile. particles that move slowly.

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Gases
Gases have an indefinite shape. an indefinite volume. the same shape and volume as their container. particles that are far apart. particles that move very fast.

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Three States of Matter for Water

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Summary of the States of Matter

Solid Liquid Gas

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Chapter 2 Energy and Matter

2.6 Changes of State

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Melting and Freezing

A substance is melting while it changes from a solid to a liquid. is freezing while it changes from a liquid to a solid. such as water has a freezing (melting) point of 0C.

Copyright 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings

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Calculations Using Heat of Fusion

The heat of fusion is the amount of heat released when 1 gram of liquid freezes (at its freezing point). is the amount of heat needed to melt 1 gram of a solid (at its melting point). for water (at 0C) is 80. cal 1 g water

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Calculation Using Heat of Fusion

The heat needed to freeze (or melt) a specific mass of water (or ice) is calculated using the heat of fusion. Heat = g water x 80. cal 1 g water Example: How much heat in cal is needed to melt 15.0 g of water? 15.0 g water x 80. cal 1 g water = 1200 cal

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Sublimation
Sublimation occurs when particles change directly from solid to a gas. is typical of dry ice, which sublimes at -78C. takes place in frost-free refrigerators. is used to prepare freezedried foods for long-term storage.

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Evaporation and Condensation

Water evaporates when molecules on the surface gain sufficient energy to form a gas. condenses when gas molecules lose energy and form a liquid.

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Boiling
At boiling, all the water molecules acquire enough energy to form a gas. bubbles appear throughout the liquid.

Copyright 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings

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Heat of Vaporization
The heat of vaporization is the amount of heat absorbed to vaporize 1 g of a liquid to gas at the boiling point. released when 1 g of a gas condenses to liquid at the boiling point.

Boiling Point of Water = 100C

Heat of Vaporization (water) = 540 cal 1 g water

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Summary of Changes of State

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Heating Curve
A heating curve illustrates the changes of state as a solid is heated. uses sloped lines to show an increase in temperature. uses plateaus (flat lines) to indicate a change of state.
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Cooling Curve
A cooling curve illustrates the changes of state as a gas is cooled. uses sloped lines to indicate a decrease in temperature. uses plateaus (flat lines) to indicate a change of state.
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Combined Heat Calculations

To reduce a fever, an infant is packed in 250. g of ice. If the ice (at 0C) melts and warms to body temperature (37.0C), how many calories are removed from the body? Step 1: Diagram the changes

37C

T = 37.0C - 0C = 37.0C
temperature increase

0C

solid melting

liquid

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Combined Heat Calculations (continued.)

Step 2: Calculate the heat to melt ice (fusion) 250. g ice x 80. cal = 20 000 cal 1 g ice Step 3: Calculate the heat to warm the water from 0C to 37.0C 250. g x 37.0C x 1.00 cal = 9 250 cal g C Total: Step 2 + Step 3 = 29 000 cal
(rounded to 2 SF)

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