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Cranial Nerves
Cranial Nerves
Cranial Nerves
Olfactory nerve Optic nerve Oculomotor nerve Trochlear nerve Trigeminal nerve Abducent nerve Facial nerve Vestibulocochlear nerve Glossopharyngeal nerve Vagus nerve Accessory nerve Hypoglossal nerve
Functional components
General somatic afferent fibers (GSA): transmit exteroceptive and proprioceptive impulses from head and face to somatic sensory nuclei Special somatic afferent fibers (SSA): transmit sensory impulses from special sense organs of vision, equilibrium and hearing to the brain General visceral afferent fibers (GVA): transmit interoceptive impulses from the viscera to the visceral sensory nuclei Special visceral afferent fibers (SVA): transmit sensory impulses from special sense organs of smell and taste to the brain General somatic efferent fibers (GSE): innervate skeletal muscles of eye and tongue Special visceral efferent fibers (SVE): transmit motor impulses from the brain to skeletal muscles derived from brachial (gill) arches of embryo. These include the muscles of mastication, facial expression and swallowing General visceral efferent fibers (GVE): transmit motor impulses from the general visceral motor nuclei and relayed in parasympathetic ganglions. The postganglionic fibers supply cardiac musclessmooth muscles and glands
Olfactory nerve Optic nerve Vestibulocochlear nerve Oculomotor nerve Trochlear nerve Abducent nerve Accessory nerv Hypoglossal nerve
Trigeminal nerve, Facial nerve, Glossopharyngeal nerve Vagus nerve
Vestibular ganglion(SSA)
Cochlear ganglion (SSA)
Vestibular nuclei
Cochlear nuclei
Equilibri um
Hearing
Olfactory nerve
Olfactory mucosa (SVA) Cribriform foramina Olfactory bulb
Optic nerve
Ganglion cell (SSA) Optic canal Lateral geniculate body
Vestibulocochlear nerve
Vestibular ganglion(SSA)
Cochlear ganglion (SSA)
Accessory nucleus of oculomotor (GVE) Nucleus of trochlear nerve (GSE) Nucleus of abducent nerve (GSE) Nucleus of accessory nerve (SVE)
Oculomotor nerve
Components
General somatic efferent fibers (GSE) General visceral efferent fibers (GVE) Superior, inferior and medial recti; inferior obliquus; levator palpebrae superioris Sphincter pupillea and ciliary muscle
Main actionsupplies
Oculomotor nerve
Accessory nerve
Abducent nerve
Hypoglossal nerve
Hypoglossal nerve
Oculamotor paralysis
Trigeminal nerve
Components of fibers
SVE fibers: originate from motor nucleus of trigeminal nerve, and supply masticatory muscles GSA fibers: transmit facial sensation to sensory nuclei of trigeminal nerve, the GSA fibers have their cell bodies in trigeminal ganglion, which lies on the apex of petrous part of temporal bone
Branches
Ophthalmic nerve
(1, sensory) leave the skull through the superior orbital fissure, to enter orbital cavity Branches Frontal nerve:
Supratrochlear nerve
Supraorbital nerve
Lacrimal nerve
Nasociliary nerve
Distribution: Sensation from cerebral dura mater Visual organ Mucosa of nose Skin above the eye and back of nose
Maxillary nerve
(2, sensory)
Infraorbital nerve
Zygomatic nerve
Distribution:
Sensation from cerebral dura mater Maxillary teeth Mucosa of nose and mouth Skin between eye and mouth
Leave the skull through the foramen ovale to enter the infratemporal fossa Branches
Auriculotemporal nerve Buccal nerve Lingual nerve Inferior alveolar nerve Nerve of masticatory muscles
Distribution:
Sensation from cerebral dura mater Teeth and gum of lower jaw Mucosa of floor of mouth Anterior 2/3 of tongue Skin of auricular and temporal regions and below the mouth Motor to masticatory muscles, mylohyoid, and anterior belly of digastric
Facial nerve ()
Components of fibers
SVE fibers originate from nucleus of facial nerve, and supply facial muscles GVE fibers derived from superior salivatory nucleus and relayed in pterygopalatine ganglion and submandibular ganglion. The postganglionic fibers supply lacrimal, submandibular and sublingual glands SVA fiber from taste buds of anterior two-thirds of tongue which cell bodies are in the geniculate ganglion of the facial nerve and end by synapsing with cells of nucleus of solitary tract GSA fibers from skin of external ear
Course: leaves skull through internal acoustic meatus, facial canal and stylomastoid foramen, it then enters parotid gland where it divides into five branches which supply facial muscles
To taste buds on anterior two-thirds of tongue Relayed in submandibular ganglion, the postganglionic fibers supply submandibular and sublingual glands
Greater petrosal nerve: GVE fibers pass to pterygopalatine ganglion and there relayed through the zygomatic and lacrimal nerves to lacrimal gland Stapedial nerve : to stapedius
Branches outside of facial canal Temporal Zygomatic Buccal Marginal mandibular Cervical
Pterygopalatine ganglion : lies in pterygopalatine fossa under maxillary nerve Submandibular ganglion : lies between lingual nerve and submandibular gland
Glossopharyngeal nerve ()
Components of fibers
SVE fibers: originate from nucleus ambiguus, and supply stylopharygeus GVE fibers: arise from inferior salivatory nucleus and ralyed in otic ganglion, the postganglionic fibers supply parotid gland SVA fibers: arise from the cells of inferior ganglion, the central processes of these cells terminate in nucleus of solitary tract, the peripheral processes supply the taste buds on posterior third of tongue GVA fibers: visceral sensation from mucosa of posterior third of tongue, pharynx, auditory tube and tympanic cavity, carotid sinus and glomus, and end by synapsing with cells of nucleus of solitary tract GSA fibers: sensation from skin of posterior surface of auricle and
Vagus nerve ()
components of fibers
GVE fibers: originate from dorsal nucleus of vagus nerve, synapse in parasympathetic ganglion, short postganglionic fibers innervate cardiac muscles, smooth muscles and glands of viscera SVE fibers: originate from ambiguus, to muscles of pharynx and larynx GVA fibers: carry impulse from viscera in neck, thoracic and abdominal cavity to nucleus of solitary tract GSA fiber: sensation from auricle, external acoustic meatus and cerebral dura mater
Course
Descends in the neck in carotid sheath between internal (or common) carotid artery and internal jugular vein
Enter thoracic inlet on right side of trachea Travels downward posterior to right brachiocephalic vein and superior vena cava Passes posterior to right lung root Forms posterior esophageal plexus
Forms posterior vagal trunk at esophageal hiatus where it leaves thorax and passes into abdominal cavity, then divides into posterior gastric and celiac branches
Enter thoracic inlet between left common carotid and left subclavian arteries, posterior to left brachiocephalic vein
Crosses aortic arch where left recurrent laryngeal nerve branches off
Passes posterior to left lung root Forms anterior esophageal plexus
Forms anterior vagal trunk at esophageal hiatus where it leaves thorax and passes into abdominal cavity , then divides into anterior gastric and hepatic branches
Branches in neck Superior laryngeal nerve: passes down side of pharynx and given rise to
Internal branch, which pierces thyrohyoid membrane to innervates mucous membrane of larynx above fissure of glottis External branch, which innervates cricothyroid
Cervical cardiac branches : descending to terminate in cardiac plexus Others: auricular, pharyngeal and meningeal branches
External branch
Branches in thorax
Right one hooks around right subclavian artery, left one hooks aortic arch Both ascend in tracheo-esophageal groove Nerves enter larynx posterior to cricothyroid joint, the nerve is now called inferior laryngeal nerve Innervations: laryngeal mucosa below fissure of glottis , all laryngeal laryngeal muscles except cricothyroid
Branches in abdomen
Run close to lesser curvature and innervate anterior and posterior surfaces of stomach As far as pyloric antrum to fan out into branches in a way like the digits of a crows foot to supply pyloric part
Hepatic branches: join hepatic plexus and then supply liver and gallbladder Celiac branches: send branches to celiac plexus to be distributed with sympathetic fibers to liver, pancreas, spleen, kidneys, intestine as far as left colic flexure