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By Jayakrishna Gudapati
By Jayakrishna Gudapati
INTRODUCTION
An automatic identification relying on remotely retrieving data using devices called RFID tags. Technology theory in similar to barcodes. Consists of antenna, transceiver & tag. Tag is a object that can be incorporated into an animal, object or person etc.
CONTENTS
RFID TAGS CURRENT USES POTENTIAL USES REGULARIZATION AND STANDARDIZATION PROBLEMS AND CONCERNS CONTROVERSIES
RFID TAGS
FIGURE SHOWS AN RFID TAG
TYPES OF TAGS
PASSIVE TAGS
They require no internal power source. Antenna has to be designed to both collect power & also to transmit power. The reading distance is from 10 cm to few meters.
ACTIVE TAGS
They
have own internal power source. More reliable than passive tags. They are bigger & more expensive. Practical range of 100s of meters.
have own power source. More sensitivity than passive tags. Better battery life than active tags. It performs active functions.
ANTENNAS USED
DEPENDS ON THE FREQUENCY OF APPLICATION. DIPOLE ANTENNAS PATCH ANTENNAS HF AND VHF ANTENNAS
TAG ATTACHMENT
1. 2. 3. 4.
Deals with how the tags are attached with the object. There are four ways Attachable. Implantable. Insertion tags. Digestible tags.
TAGGING POSITIONS
Important
to know the position of the tagged object. R-spot ,L-spot, D-spot are used to define the location of RFID tags.
CURRENT USES
Passports Transportation payments. Product tracking Automotives Animal identification Human implants In libraries Schools and universities
PASSPORTS
Standards for RFID passports are determined by the ICAO. First RFID passport (E passport) was issued by Malaysia in 1998. In 2006, RFID tags were included in new US passports and introduced 13millions passports in the same year.
TRANSPORTATION PAYMENTS
PRODUCT TRACKING
The CCIA begin using RFID tags as replacement for Barcode Tags. High freq RFID tags are used in Jewelry tracking, Building access control, Airline baggage tracking. UHF RFID tags are used in shipping container tracking, truck & trailer tracking
AUTOMOTIVES
Microwave RFID tags are used in long range access control for vehicles. Since 1990s tags are used in car keys. FORD, HONDA and other manufacturers use RFID tags as anti-theft measures.
HUMAN IMPALNTS
LIBRARIES
POTENTIAL USES
REPLACING BARCODES
They have number of advantages over the older barcode technology. RFID tag data capacity is big enough that any tag have unique code. Unique means that each product is individually tracked, therefore thefts and product losses can be avoided
TELEMETRY
They act as low cost remote sensors. Road conditions can be sensed by implanted beacons & noise level monitoring.
PATIENT IDENTIFICATION
US hospitals implants patients with RFID tags. The use of RFID to prevent mix-ups between sperm and ova in IVF clinics is also being considered.
1.
2. 3.
There is no Global public body that Governs the frequencies used for RFID. Every country sets its own rules. The main bodies governing frequency allocations are : USA : FCC CANADA : DOC EUROPE : ERO, CEPT
Physically these tags can be disabled Global Standardization Security concerns Viruses
CONTRAVERSIES
PRIVACY
The owner of an item will not necessarily be aware of the presence of a RFID tag. If the tagged items are purchased using RFID credit cards, it would be possible to deduce the identity of the purchaser.
Human Implantation
Food and Drug Administration in US has approved the use of RFID chips in Humans. On July 22, 2006 two hackers Newitz and Westhues at a conference in New York city showed that they could clone the RFID signal from a human implanted RFID chip.
RELIGIOUS CONCERNS
Most Evangelical Christians believe that RFID tagging could represent the mark of the beast (666) mentioned in the book of Revelation. They strongly oppose the Corporations and Governments plan to track their every movement with RFID.
IS IT SAFE ?
In Jan 2004 privacy advocates from CASPIAN and the German privacy group FoeBuD conducted a seminar and analyzed that, it is perfectly safe and no problems occurs by using these RFIDs by showing several practical examples.