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Switchgear: 30 December 2012 PMI Revision 00 1
Switchgear: 30 December 2012 PMI Revision 00 1
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Presentation outline
Basics of switchgear
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What is a Switchgear ?
The apparatus used for Switching, Controlling and Protecting the Electrical Circuits and equipment.
Need of Switchgear :
* Switching during normal operating conditions for the purpose of Operation and Maintenance. * Switching during Faults and Abnormal conditions and interrupting the fault currents.
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SWITCHGEAR
Historical background :
1930s : ABCB
1950s : SF6 1960s : Vacuum CB
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PARTS OF SWITCHGEAR
Switching device
Power circuit
Control circuit
Protection
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Switching devices :
Control Circuit :
service / test /isolated position selectors Tripping and closing circuit Spring charging, anti pumping arrangement Supply monitoring , space heaters , indications Measurement : Ammeter, voltmeter, energy meter Protection : Relays, CT, PT,
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Circuit Breaker
Earthing switch
Lightening Arrestor
CT
PT
Ammeter
Voltmeter
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CLASSIFICATION OF SWITCHGEARS : Method of arc quenching : Bulk oil, Min. oil, Air Break, Air Blast, SF6 , Vacuum Working voltage : 440 v, 3.3 kV, 11 kV, 33kv,220kv ,400 kV etc. Indoor / out door
SOME INTERLOCKS :
Check synchronisation for closing Master relay contacts for trip and close HV & LV Breaker interlocks Main / Reserve supply change over
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400KV to swyd
GT
STN Supply
3x200MVA
STN Supply
21 KV
11 KV Unit Bus-2 11KV Unit Bus
11KV
11 KV 415 V 11 KV 415V
INC-1
Motor Feeders
415 V
B/C
Motors
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DC Chargers
Relays
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Relay :
A device that detects the fault and initiates the operation of the Circuit breaker to isolate the defective element from the rest of the system. The relay detects the abnormal conditions in the electrical circuits by constantly measuring the electrical quantities which are different under normal and faulty conditions.
PT
CT
CB
Source RELAY
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Load
17
Simplicity - Should be simple so that it can be easily maintained. - The simpler the protection scheme, the greater is the reliability Economy - Availability at lower cost. - Generally, the protective gear should not cost more than 5% of the total cost. However, when the apparatus to be protected is of utmost importance (e.g. Generator, GT etc) economic conditions are subordinated to reliability.
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Electromagnetic & Electro thermal * Attracted Armature * Induction disc * Printed disc dynamometer * Permanent magnet * Moving coil * Polarised moving Iron
* Bimetallic Strip
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Static
* Relay consists of Electronic circuitry such as Transistors, ICs, Diodes etc * Uses VLSI technology * Can be Programmed
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Tie feeder- Inst. o/c,Synchro check , e/f Motor feeder- differential,thermal /idmt o/c, blocked rotor , sens. e/f, bkr protection
Circuit Breakers
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* Movable Contact
* Operating Mechanism and control circuit * Arc extinguishing medium
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CT
RELAY
CB
Trip Coil
DC supply
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Few definitions :
Breaking Capacity: Max fault current at which a CB capable of breaking. is
Making Capacity: Max current a CB can withstand if it closing on existing Short circuit. Restriking Voltage: After the arc has been extinguished, the voltage across the breaker terminals does not normalize instantaneously but it oscillates The transient voltage which appears across the breaker contacts at the instant of arc being extinguished. Recovery Voltage: Power frequency voltage which appears across the breaker contacts after the arc is finally extinguished and transient oscillations die out.
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Arcing phenomenon :
- When a fault occurs, heavy current flows through the contacts of the circuit breaker before they are opened by the protective system. - At the instant when the contacts begin to separate, the contact area decreases rapidly and current density (I/A) increases and hence rise in temperature.
-The heat produced is sufficient to ionise the medium between the contacts. This ionised medium acts as conductor and an arc is struck between the contacts. - The potential difference between the contacts is very small and is sufficient to maintain the arc. - The current flow depends upon the Arc resistance.
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Relay time
to
to
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Air Break CB :
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Air Blast CB :
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Bulk Oil CB :
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Minimum Oil CB :
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SF6 CB :
1. Op mechanism
2. Interrupter 3. Support 4. Op rod
8. Puffer cylinder
9. Nozzle
10. Fixed position 11. Fixed contact 12. Moving contact 13. Gas inlet
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5. Linkage
6. Terminals 7. Filters
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Advantage of SF6
* Inert gas with high dielectric strength.
* Colour less and odour less. * Non-toxic and non- inflammable. * Sf6 is blown axially to the arc, hence it removes the heat by axial convection and radial dissipation. As a result the arc dia reduces and comes to zero at current zero. * Gas pressure in the chamber is at 5 ksc. * SF6 is filled at a pressure of 12 ksc in the tank and maintained by means of an individual or a common compressor. * The decomposition products of arcing are not explosive hence no chance of fire. Disadvantages * SF6 gas condensates at low temperature & high pressure
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Vacuum CB :
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Advantage of vacuum CB
* Used
up to 66 KV. * Vacuum is of the range of 106 to 108 torr. * Vacuum is highly dielectric, so arc cant persists. * Separation of contacts causes the release of metal vapour from the contacts, the density of vapour depends on the fault current. * At current zero the vapour emission will tends to zero and the density will becomes zero and dielectric strength will build up and restriking will be prevented. * No emission to atmosphere, hence pollution free. * Non- explosive and silent operation. * Compact size.
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Disadvantage of vacuum CB
* High initial cost.
* Surge suppressors (R or RC combination) are to be connected at load side for limiting switching overvoltage while switching low pf loads.
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Few definitions :
Rated current : - Current which can be carried without fusing Minimum fusing current : - Min value of the rms current at which the fuse melts. Fusing factor : - FF = Min fusing current / Rated current Prospective current : - Current which would have flown if the fuse is absent. Cut-off current : - Maximum value of fault current actually reached before the fuse elements melts.
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Characteristics of Fuse :
I
Prospective current
Pre-arcing time
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Types of Fuses :
LV fuses
Semi-enclosed rewirable fuse : - consists of porcelain base and a fuse carrier. - used where low currents are to be interrupted. - used in domestic and lighting applications HRC cartridge fuse : - consists of heat resistant ceramic body and the cartridge is filled with filler material such as chalk, plaster of Paris, quartz or marble dust which acts as arc quenching and cooling medium. - when fuse element (silver) melts, high resistance substance is formed due to the chemical reaction between the silver vapor and the filling powder. Thus Arc is quenched.
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HV fuses
(i) Expulsion type :
- consists of hollow tube made of synthetic-resin bonded paper in which fuse wire is placed - when fuse element melts, it causes decomposition of the inner coating of the tube resulting in formation of gases which extinguishes the arc. - used in the level of 11 KV, 250 MVA and generally used for protection of distribution transformers. (ii) Drop-out fuse : - Expulsion type fuse. - when fuse melts, the fuse element carrying tube drops down due to gravity, so that, can be spotted easily.
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Coordination between Fuses and a O/C protection devices: Char of Fuse Char of O/C prot devices Capacity of Circuit breaker
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STAGE-II
RATING 6.6 KV 11KV
415V
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MAKE
SIEMENS
QUENCHING MEDIUM
VACUUM
SIEMENS
EE
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VACUUM
AIR
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OS I
LOCATION SLURRY P/H-1 RATING 415 V MAKE NGEF ASEA/ ABB ASEA GEC ASEA/ ABB MEDIUM AIR MOCB/ VACCUM MOCB MOCB MOCB/SF6/ VACUUM
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6.6 KV
6.6 KV 11 KV 6.6 KV
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OS II & 33KV
LOCATION RATING 415V& 6.6 KV 415V 415V 33 KV
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SLURRY P/H - 2
CW P/H - 2 DM PLANT MCC 33 KV S/S 1&2
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S/Y
Make AEG NGEF BHEL ABB BHEL
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Voltage Rating (KV) 400 220 & 400 220 & 400 220 & 400 132
Operating Mechanism
CENTERALISED AIR COMPRESSOR SYSTEM INDIVIDUAL AIR COMPRESSOR SYSTEM HYDRAULIC INDIVIDUAL AIR COMPRESSOR SYSTEM MOTORISED
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ABB
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7.0
6.2
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6.0
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Make
Operating Pr: A/R Lock out
AEG (Air)
37
NGEF (Air)
30.6
BHEL (Hydr)
303
ABB (Air)
31.5
34
28
30
30
30 42
27.3 42
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253 NA
23 33
52
THANK YOU
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