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MANDEEP 1XA 17 POLYNOMIALS MS.SATINDER

INTRODUCTION TO POLYNOMIALS IN ONE VARIABLE A polynomial p(x) in one variable x is an algebraic expression in x of the form p(x)= E.g.- (a) 2x34x2+6x3 is a polynomial in one variable x.

(b) 8p7+4p2+11p3-9p is a polynomial in one variable p.

Degree of a Polynomial in one variable.

What is degree of the following binomial?

5x 3
2
The answer is 2. 5x2 + 3 is a polynomial in x of degree 2.

In case of a polynomial in one variable, the highest power of the variable is called the degree of polynomial.

Polynomials in one variable

A polynomial is a monomial or a sum of monomials. Each monomial in a polynomial is a term of the polynomial. The number factor of a term is called the coefficient. The coefficient of the first term in a polynomial is the lead coefficient. A polynomial with two terms is called a binomial. A polynomial with three term is called a trinomial.

Polynomials in one variable

The degree of a polynomial in one variable is the largest exponent of that variable.

A constant has no variable. It is a 0 degree polynomial.

4x 1
2

This is a 1st degree polynomial. 1st degree polynomials are linear. This is a 2nd degree polynomial. 2nd degree polynomials are quadratic.

5x 2 x 14 3 3x 18 This is a 3rd degree polynomial. 3rd degree polynomials are cubic.

Examples
Polynomials Degree
Text

Classify by degree

Classify by no. of terms.

5 2x - 4
Text

0 1

Constant Linear

Monomial Txt Binomial

3x2 + x

2
Text

Quadratic
Text

Binomial

x3 - 4x2 + 1

Cubic

Trinomial

Standard Form
How to convert a polynomial into standard form?
Phase 1
To rewrite a polynomial in standard form, rearrange the terms of the polynomial starting with the largest degree term and ending with the lowest degree term.

Phase 2

The leading coefficient, the coefficient of the first term in a polynomial written in standard form, should be positive.

Remainder Theorem
Let p(x) be any polynomial of degree greater than or equal to one and let a be any real number. If p(x) is divided by the linear polynomial x-a then the remainder is p(a).

A Question on Remainder Theorem

Q.) Find the remainder when the polynomial f(x) = x4 + 2x3 3x2 + x 1 is divided by (x-2). A.) x-2 = 0 x=2 By remainder theorem, we know that when f(x) is divided by (x-2), the remainder is x(2). Now, f(2) = (24 + 2*23 3*22 + 2-1) = (16 + 16 12 + 2 1) = 21. Hence, the required remainder is 21.

Factor Theorem
Factor Theorem: x a is a factor of the polynomial p(x), if p(a) = 0. Also, if xa is a factor of p(x), then p(a) = 0.

Question On Factor Theorem

Q.1) Show that (x-3) is a factor of polynomial f(x)=x3+x2-17x+15. Ans. By factor theorem, (x-3) will be a factor of f(x) if f(3)=0. Now, f(x)=x3+x2-17x+15 f(3)=(33+32-17*3+15)=(27+9-51+15)=0 (x-3) is a factor of f(x). Hence, (x-3) is a factor of the given polynomial f(x).

Algebraic Identities
Some common identities used to factorize polynomials

(a+b)2=a2+b2+2ab

(a-b)2=a2+b2-2ab

a2-b2=(a+b)(a-b)

(x+a)(x+b)=x2+(a+b)x+ab

Algebraic Identities
Advanced identities used to factorize polynomials

(x-y)3=x3-y33xy(x-y) x3+y3=(x+y) * (x2+y2-xy)

x3-y3=(x+y) * (x2+y2+xy)

(x+y)3=x3+y3+ 3xy(x+y)

(x+y+z)2=x2+y2+z2 +2xy+2yz+2zx

Points to Remember
A real number a is a zero of a polynomial p(x) if p(a)=0. In this case, a is also called a root of the equation p(x)=0.

Every linear polynomial in one variable has a unique zero, a non-zero constant polynomial has no zero, and every real number is a zero of the zero polynomial.