SANDEEP K P AQC-PA1-01

Aquaculture production Seed production- limitations Need for broodstock transportation

GMPs
Legal frame work

 Broodstock can be a population of animals maintained in captivity as a source of replacement for, or enhancement of, seed and fry Broodstock management can improve seed quality and number

 Broodstock management involves manipulating environmental factors to ensure maximum survival, enhance gonadal development and increase fecundity Wild collection or farm reared Biology- selection Feeding Water quality management

Transportation
Spawning

 2 systems in live brood fish transport- open system with or with out aeration and closed system with airtight carriers with oxygen Conditioning before transportation- in wooden/ non rustable or hapas (optimum temp. for carps: 26-290C)

 Crucial factors
Water quality consideration Use of anesthetics Use of common salt- 1-1.2% Temperature Aeration Containers Proper handling

 Some basics

Fish to be transported must be in excellent condition, free of diseases or wounds.

For the same weight, small fish require more space and oxygen in the bag than big fish. It is advised to transport young small broodstock instead of old big ones Fish can be transported for longer time when temperature is lower and fish are quiet and not stressed -reduce their activity

 Long distance transportation Large containers, if not available- plastic bags Conditioning before being packed for transport (1-2 days)
Feeding- alimentary canal free of food- constant splashing of water

Acclimatized to smaller volume of water

Anesthetizing Transportation Release at destination Best period for transportation: cool season- Nov-Jan (carps)

 Fiberglass containers are good for transporting broodstock strong and light

The containers can fit on a small flatbed truck and can be easily used together with aeration or an oxygen cylinder and a diffuser

The fish are transported in a tank on a flat-bed truck. A hapa is put inside the tank so that it is easier to catch the fish

When the truck reaches the hatchery the fish are taken carefully out of the tank and transferred to the holding tank

The fish are put into hand nets or hapas in a bucket and carried to the holding tank

The fish are dipped into a bucket with 5 l of water and a 1/8 teaspoon of potassium permanganate

A holding tank has already been prepared. The water is slightly cooler than the pond they came from.

The fish are put into a hapa inside the tank- easier to catch them for sorting A shower puts oxygen into the water, makes the water circulate, and, like rainfall, stimulates breeding. The tank should be covered with a net

 An anesthetic is a drug that causes anesthesiareversible loss of sensation Anesthetics are categorized into two classes: general anesthetics: which cause a reversible loss of consciousness local anesthetics: which cause a reversible loss of sensation for a limited region of the body while maintaining consciousness

Need for fish anesthetics

Minimize stress during capture and handling: vaccination, marking, grading and transportation
Reduce the time required for handling

Minimize adverse physiological and behaviour effects

Reduce rate of oxygen consumption and rate of excretion Minimize suppression of immunological capacity Used to immobilize fish Control excitability and reduce physical injury

 Availability

Rapid recovery
Effective at low dose Induce anesthesia rapidly with minimum hyperactivity or stress

Cost-effectiveness
Ease of use Safety for the user Non-toxic to fish No persistent effects

 Induction
Most anesthetics can produce several levels of anesthesia: sedation, anesthesia, surgical anesthesia and death depends on the dose and the length of exposure

Maintenance
Desirable to maintain fish in desired level of anesthesia A desired level of anesthesia can usually be maintained by reducing the dosage Visual observation

 Recovery
Anesthetic is withdrawn and fish return to a normal state
Recovery may take from a few seconds to several minutes, depending on the anesthetic administered

Great care should be taken during the recovery stage to minimize stress and prevent mortality

 To reduce stress caused by handling, grading and transporting- reduce metabolic activity Major concerns in transportation of aquatic animals are the management of handling stress, mechanical shock, heat stress, and water quality Legal frame work

 Chemical anesthetics
Synthetic and natural

TMS- MS222 (tricaine methane sulphonate) Benzocaine Lidocaine Metomidate and etomidate Propoxate Ketamine hydrochloride Quinaldine sulphate Propanidid, hydroxy quinaldine 2-phenoxy ethanol Barbital sodium, sodium amytal Clove oil and derivatives Electroanesthesia Hypothermia CO2

Non-chemical anesthetics

 TMS- MS222 (Tricaine methane sulphonate)

Most widely used fish anesthetic Extremely effective for rapid induction of deep anesthesia

Doses are usually between 25 to 100 mg/L*

Also known as MS-222, Finquel, Tricaine, and Metacaine Benzocaine (Anesthesin, Anesthone, Americaine & Orthesin)

Has two forms: crystalline salt or freebase form

Doses range from 25-100 mg/L Induction time: <4 minutes, recovery : 10 minutes Fish may retain locomotory functions unsuitable for surgery

 Lidocaine (Xylocaine)
Freebase form is insoluble in water, but freely soluble in acetone or alcohol It is a cardiac depressant Used in combination with sodium bicarbonate to anaesthetize carp, tilapia and catfish Metomidate and Etomidate fast acting Side effects- muscle twitching- blood sampling difficult (Metomidate) Efficient dosages range from 1-10 mg/L Induction times of less than 3 minutes and lengthy recovery times (up to 40 minutes)

 Propoxate

It is stable in solution for long periods and is 100 times more soluble than TMS
Higher doses as respiratory arrest

Propoxate is 10 times more potent than TMS

Effective dose range from 0.5 mg/L to 10 mg/L Induction time: 30 seconds for higher doses Ketamine hydrochloride Widely used as an anesthetic both in human and veterinary medicine also

Drug is an injectable, not appropriate for large groups of fish

30 mg/kg for salmonids

 Quinaldine sulfate (Quinate)

It is one of the most widely used anesthetics by marine biologists to collect coral reef fishes
Extended exposure- toxic

Effective above pH 6
Propanidid (Epontol) Induction and recovery times: 2-4 minutes and 5-10 minutes Dose : 1.5 - 3.0 ml/L 2-Phenoxyethanol

The solution is bactericidal and fungicidal- useful during surgery

100 to 200 mg/L are considered safe for prolonged sedation

 Clove oil and derivatives

Clove oil is a pale yellow liquid derived from the leaves, buds and stem of the clove tree (Eugenia sp.) Active ingredients are eugenol and iso-eugenol recognized as a GRAS by USFDA 40-60 mg/L Should be mixed with ethanol before mixing to water slightly faster induction time and a longer recovery time than similar concentrations of TMS Inexpensive, pleasant smell..

 Electroanesthesia
Electroanesthesia has primarily been used to immobilize adult fish for tagging or hatchery broodstock 3 types of electric currents used to immobilize fish : AC, DC and pulsating forms of AC and DC The purpose: to induce electronarcosis, and avoid severe muscle tetany

Factors affecting: intensity of electric field, duration of shock, water conductivity, temperature, fish size and species Most electroanesthesia is now carried out with DC or pulsed DC (Eg: 12-V DC)
Faster induction and recovery time Drawbacks: need specilized equipment, injury to operator

 Hypothermia
By lowering the ambient temperature of the fish with ice or cold water Danger to the handler: risk of exposure to high concentrations of CO2 from the use of dry ice as the coolant More effective for fish acclimated to waters above 10 oC

Change of temperature about 10 to 25 oC, or to near 0 oC, by immersing them in crushed ice or ice water
Not a common method

Presents an alternative method when chemical anesthetics are not available or desirable

 Carbon dioxide
Useful in transport CO2 is safe to use

But a level of 10% or more in the air will cause anesthesia or even death to the operator
The hydration of CO2 will acidify water- should be buffered

leaves no residues in the tissues Sodium bicarbonate and acetic acid have also been used to produceCO2. 200 to 250 mg/L for adult rainbow trout
Need research

Source: Coyle et al., 2004.

Dosage in Chinese carp and IMC

Source: Jingran and Pullin., 1985

 Biological factors
Gill area to body weight ratio Size of the fish Condition/health of the fish Life stage of the fish

Environmental factors
Temperature
pH

Guidelines for proper transport of broodstock

Regulations of anesthetics in aquaculture

Research areas New technologies- seed production Transfer of technologies Awareness programs

 Coyle, S. D., Durborow, R. M and Tidwell, J. H., 2004. Anesthetics in Aquaculture. SRAC Publication No. 3900. Demoulin, F., 1999. Guidelines for Broodstock and Hatchery Management. Provincial aquaculture development project, FAO. Jensen, G. L., 1990. Transportation of Warmwater Fish Procedures and Loading Rates. SRAC Publication No. 392. Jingran, V. G and Pullin, R. S. V., 1985. A hatchery manual for common, Chinese and Indian major carps. ICLARM studies and reviews. 11, 191p. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broodstock

Thanking you