Chapter 7

Transmission Media
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Figure 7.1

Transmission medium and physical layer

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Figure 7.2

Classes of transmission media

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7.1 Guided Media

Twisted-Pair Cable

Coaxial Cable Fiber-Optic Cable

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Figure 7.3

Twisted-pair cable

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Figure 7.4

UTP and STP

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Table 7.1 Categories of unshielded twisted-pair cables

Category Bandwidth Data Rate Digital/Analog Use

1
2

very low
< 2 MHz

< 100 kbps

2 Mbps

Analog
Analog/digital

Telephone
T-1 lines

3
4 5 6 (draft) 7 (draft)

16 MHz
20 MHz 100 MHz 200 MHz 600 MHz

10 Mbps
20 Mbps 100 Mbps 200 Mbps 600 Mbps

Digital
Digital Digital Digital Digital

LANs
LANs LANs LANs LANs

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Figure 7.5

UTP connector

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Figure 7.6

UTP performance

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Figure 7.7

Coaxial cable

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Table 7.2 Categories of coaxial cables

Category
RG-59 RG-58 RG-11

Impedance
75 W 50 W 50 W

Use
Cable TV Thin Ethernet Thick Ethernet

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Figure 7.8

BNC connectors

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Figure 7.9

Coaxial cable performance

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Figure 7.10

Bending of light ray

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Figure 7.11 Optical fiber

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Figure 7.12

Propagation modes

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Figure 7.13

Modes

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Table 7.3 Fiber types

Type 50/125 62.5/125 100/125 7/125 Core 50 62.5 100 7 Cladding 125 125 125 125 Mode Multimode, graded-index Multimode, graded-index Multimode, graded-index Single-mode

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Figure 7.14

Fiber construction

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Figure 7.15

Fiber-optic cable connectors

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Figure 7.16

Optical fiber performance

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7.2 Unguided Media: Wireless

Radio Waves

Microwaves Infrared

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Figure 7.17

Electromagnetic spectrum for wireless communication

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Figure 7.18

Propagation methods

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Table 7.4 Bands

Band VLF LF MF HF VHF UHF SHF EHF Range 330 KHz 30300 KHz 300 KHz3 MHz 330 MHz 30300 MHz 300 MHz3 GHz 330 GHz 30300 GHz Propagation Ground Ground Sky Sky Application Long-range radio navigation Radio beacons and navigational locators AM radio Citizens band (CB), ship/aircraft communication

Sky and line-of-sight

Line-of-sight Line-of-sight Line-of-sight

VHF TV, FM radio

UHF TV, cellular phones, paging, satellite Satellite communication Long-range radio navigation

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Figure 7.19

Wireless transmission waves

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Figure 7.20

Omnidirectional antennas

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Note: Radio waves are used for multicast communications, such as radio and television, and paging systems.

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Figure 7.21

Unidirectional antennas

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Note: Microwaves are used for unicast communication such as cellular telephones, satellite networks, and wireless LANs.

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Note: Infrared signals can be used for shortrange communication in a closed area using line-of-sight propagation.

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