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    Mercerization of Cotton: - John Mercer 1791-1866 British Chemist - Expts On Measurement of Viscosity of Solutions of

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    Mercerization is a process that improves cotton fibers through treatment with a strong sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution. John Mercer discovered in 1791 that cotton fabric shrinks when exposed to NaOH solutions. In 1850, he patented the mercerization process. Main benefits include increased strength, dye uptake, and luster. The main drawback was fabric shrinkage. In the late 1800s, others developed ways to apply tension during NaOH treatment to reduce shrinkage and improve the process. By 1895, commercial hank and fabric mercerization processes using tension were established worldwide. Mercerization causes fiber swelling, breaking of bonds, and formation of new bonds, improving properties.

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    Mercerization of Cotton: - John Mercer 1791-1866 British Chemist - Expts On Measurement of Viscosity of Solutions of

    Uploaded by

    vinayakasis
    46 views20 pages
    Mercerization is a process that improves cotton fibers through treatment with a strong sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution. John Mercer discovered in 1791 that cotton fabric shrinks when exposed to NaOH solutions. In 1850, he patented the mercerization process. Main benefits include increased strength, dye uptake, and luster. The main drawback was fabric shrinkage. In the late 1800s, others developed ways to apply tension during NaOH treatment to reduce shrinkage and improve the process. By 1895, commercial hank and fabric mercerization processes using tension were established worldwide. Mercerization causes fiber swelling, breaking of bonds, and formation of new bonds, improving properties.

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    Mercerization is a process that improves cotton fibers through treatment with a strong sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution. John Mercer discovered in 1791 that cotton fabric shrinks when exposed to NaOH solutions. In 1850, he patented the mercerization process. Main benefits include increased strength, dye uptake, and luster. The main drawback was fabric shrinkage. In the late 1800s, others developed ways to apply tension during NaOH treatment to reduce shrinkage and improve the process. By 1895, commercial hank and fabric mercerization processes using tension were established worldwide. Mercerization causes fiber swelling, breaking of bonds, and formation of new bonds, improving properties.

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    46 views20 pages

    Mercerization of Cotton: - John Mercer 1791-1866 British Chemist - Expts On Measurement of Viscosity of Solutions of

    Uploaded by

    vinayakasis
    Mercerization is a process that improves cotton fibers through treatment with a strong sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution. John Mercer discovered in 1791 that cotton fabric shrinks when exposed to NaOH solutions. In 1850, he patented the mercerization process. Main benefits include increased strength, dye uptake, and luster. The main drawback was fabric shrinkage. In the late 1800s, others developed ways to apply tension during NaOH treatment to reduce shrinkage and improve the process. By 1895, commercial hank and fabric mercerization processes using tension were established worldwide. Mercerization causes fiber swelling, breaking of bonds, and formation of new bonds, improving properties.

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    Mercerization of cotton

    John Mercer 1791-1866 British Chemist

    Expts on measurement of viscosity of solutions of


    different concentrations. Tried to filter the solution of NaOH 45-55 deg. TW through cotton fabric Observation

    Shrinkage in the area of fabric

    Mercerization of cotton
    1850 patented process under the name Mercerization

    Claims
    Shrinkage in the area of cloth Increase in strength

    Increase in hygroscopicity
    Increased capacity for dye absorption Preferential absorption of NaOH

    Increased action at lower temperature


    Possible soda cellulose formation These basic claims are valid even today

    Mercerization of cotton
    Main drawback: Fabric shrinkage

    Commercial loss:
    Decrease in length and width of fabrics No body showed commercial interest Process did not become commercial till the death of Mercer in 1866

    Horace Lowe
    Horace Lowe 1869-1930 British chemist Read the patent of Mercer 1889 Started working to remove the problem of shrinkage on treatment with concentrated NaOH solutions

    Thought of applying tension during NaOH treatment


    Not only reduced shrinkage the fabric acquired lustre Patented the process in 1890

    Thomas and Prevost


    1895 two German patents Application of tension during NaOH treatment and during washing to remove NaOH The process was commercialized in 1895 Initial experiments on fabric Later process developed for yarn mercerization in hank form

    Since 1895 hank mercerization and fabric


    mercerization processes are used on commercial scale through out the world

    Effect of NaOH concentration


    Behaviour of cotton fibre (Microscopic study) Upto 15deg. Tw NaOH 16-18 deg. Tw 26 deg.Tw No change Incomplete untwisting Rapid untwisting

    35 deg. Tw

    Un twisting followed
    by swelling

    40 deg Tw and above

    Untwisting and swelling together

    Effect of NaOH on cross section of cotton

    Swelling in alkaline solutions


    % swelling 97 78 64 53 %Alkali 9.5 LiOH 18 NaOH 32 KOH 40 RbOH

    Mercerization Physical changes in cotton


    Effect of strong caustic soda

    Fibre swelling
    Breaking of old bonds

    Opening of fibre structure


    Swelling not only in amorphous region but in the intra crystalline region i.e. surface of crystalline region On removal of caustic soda by washing New bonds are formed

    Extent of H-bonds in intra crystlline region is not to the same extent compared to unmercerized cotton Increase in amorphos content Increase in number of OH groups Both these factors responsible for higher moisture content, increased dye uptake and increased reactivity Amorphous content is more in slack mercerization compared to tension mercerization

    Increase in Tensile strength


    Removal of convolutions removes the weak spots at the point of reversal. Alignment of fibres in the new configuration after treatment with caustic soda More parallel and compact due to removal of convolutions Penalization and compactness is much better on application of tension. Improvement in strength is much higher in case of tension mercerization compared to slack mercerization.

    Mercerization process
    Yarn mercerization
    Hank mercerization Warp mercerization Single thread mercerization (Liquid ammonia treatment)

    Fabric mercerization (Open width only)


    Woven fabric Knitted fabric

    Hank mercerization

    Jaeggli Hank mercerization machine

    Warp Mercerization

    Fabric mercerization Padding Mangle

    Pad chain machine

    Pad chainless machine

    Padless chainless machine

    MERCERIZATION EFFICIENCY
    Deconvolution Count Change in fibre cross section

    Barium activity number

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