Speaking Mathematically

Winter 2013 COMP 1380 Discrete Structures I Computing Science Thompson Rivers University

Course Outline

Speaking Mathematically Number Systems Computer Arithmetic Logic and Truth Tables Boolean Algebra and Logic Gates Vectors and Matrices Sets and Counting Probability Theory and Distributions Statistics and Random Variables

TRU-COMP1380

Speaking Mathematically

Unit Objectives

Introduce variables for a given sentence. Use of the symbols, , , , in mathematical sentences. Tell if a given list of something is a set. Give the Cartesian product of two sets. Tell if a given relation is a function.

TRU-COMP1380

Speaking Mathematically

Unit Contents
1. 2. 3.

Variables The Language of Sets The Language of Ralations and Functions

TRU-COMP1380

Speaking Mathematically

1. Variables

Definition of a variable

Something that can have a value but you do not know what the value is. Example 1

How to introduce variables for a given sentence?

Is there a number with the following property: doubling it and adding 3 gives the same result as squaring it? -> Is there a number x with the following property: 2 x + 3 = x2? No matter what number might be chosen, if it is greater than 2, then its square is greater than 4. -> ???

Example 2

Example 3

Are there two numbers with the property that the sum of their squares equals the square of their sum?
Given any real number, its square is nonnegative.
Speaking Mathematically 5

Example 4

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Some Important Kinds of Math Statements

Conditional statement

If ..., then ... For all [] ..., if ..., then ... For all [] ..., there is [] ... E.g., Every real number has an additive inverse.
-> For all real number r, there is an additive inverse for r. -> real number r, -r r + (-r) = 0.

Universal conditional statement

Universal existential statement

Existential universal statement

There is [] ... such that [] ... E.g., Some positive integer is less than or equal to every positive integer.
-> There is a positive integer such that the number is less than or equal to every positive integer. -> a positive integer m positive integer n, m n

TRU-COMP1380

Speaking Mathematically

2. The Language of Sets

Definition of a set: A collection of elements of the same type

Interesting examples

Let A = {1, 2, 3}, B = {3, 1, 2} and C = {1, 1, 2, 3, 3, 3}. How are A, B, and C related? Is {0} = 0? Is {1, {1}} a set? Is {1, a, b} a set? For each nonnegative integer n, let Un = {n, -n}. Find U1, U2, and U0. {x S | P(x)} meaning ??? the set of elements in S that satisfy P. E.g.,

An interesting notation

{x Z | -2 < x < 5} = { ??? } {x N | -2 < x < 5} = { ??? }

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Subsets

AB AB

means x A, x B means ??? (x A, x B) and ( y B y A)

Interesting example Which of the following are true statements?

a) b) c) d)

e)
f) g)

2 {1, 2, 3} {2} {1, 2, 3} 2 {1, 2, 3} {2} {1, 2, 3} {3, 1, 2} {1, 2, 3} {2} {{1}, {2}} {2} {{1}, {2}}
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Definition of Cartesian product of A and B: A B = {(a, b) | a A and b B} Is A B equal to B A? Examples Let A = {1, 2, 3} and B = {1, 2}
a) b) c)

Find A B Find B A Find B B

TRU-COMP1380

Speaking Mathematically

3. The Language of Relations and Functions

Definition of a relation: Let A and B are sets. A relation (or also called mapping) R from A to B is a subset of A B. A is called the domain of R and B is called its co-domain. Example Let A = {1, 2} and B = {1, 2, 3} and define a relation R from A to B as follows: Given any (x, y) A B, x R y means that (x y) / 2 is an integer.
a) b) c)

Can you give a diagram for R? Is 1 R 3? Is 2 R 3? Is 2 R 2? What are the domain and co-domain of R?

TRU-COMP1380

Speaking Mathematically

10

1. 2.

Definition of a function: A funcfion F from a set A to a set B is a relation with domain A and co-domain B that satisfies the following two properties: x A, y B x F y another popular notation F(x) = y x A and y and z B, x F y and x F z -> y = z (What does this mean?) {y B | x F y for some x A} is called the image of F, denoted by F(A). Example Let A = {2, 4, 6} and B = { 1, 3, 5}. Which of the relations R, S and T defined below are functions from A to B?
a)
b) c)

R = {(2, 5}), (4, 1), (4, 3), (6, 5)} (x, y) A B, (x, y) S means that y = x + 1. 2 T 5, 4 T 1, 6 T 1 (i.e., T(2) = 5; T(4) = 1; T(6) = 1)
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A) F(1) = A; F(2) = B; F(3) = D 1 2 3 A B C D

D) 1 2 3 E) A B C D A B C D

B)

1 2 3

A B C D F)

1 2 3

C) 1 2 3 A B C D

1 2 3

A B C D
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TRU-COMP1380

Speaking Mathematically