ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

The Endocrine System

Controls many body functions exerts control by releasing special chemical substances into the blood called hormones Hormones affect other endocrine glands or body systems

Derives its name from the fact that various glands release hormones directly into the blood, which in turn transports the hormones to target tissues via ducts.

The Endocrine System Exocrine glands transport their hormones to target tissues via ducts. Endocrine- ductless glands, this means that they dont have ducts and opening.

THE GLANDS OF ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

The Endocrine System

Hypothalamuscontrols the pituitary gland by stimulating or suppressing the hormone secretion. Two hormones are secreted by the hypothalamus a releasing hormone that stimulates the pituitary gland to secrete hormones and inhibiting hormones that stops the pituitary gland in secreting hormones.

The Endocrine System

Pituitary Gland

produce hormones that affect other organs.

The Master Gland Primary function is to control other glands. Produces many hormones. Secretion is controlled by the hypothalamus in the base of the brain.

a small gland located on a stalk hanging from the base of the brain - AKA

The Endocrine System

The Pituitary Gland is divided into (2) parts: The anterior lobe and
The two segments are: Anterior Pituitary: produces thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) growth hormone (GH) adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

posterior lobe.

each area has separate types of hormone production.

luteinizing hormone (LH) or prolactin

The Endocrine System

Posterior Pituitary: the produce hormones that are formed in the Hypothalamus but are stored and released in the posterior part.
Posterior Pituitary Oxytocin (the natural form of pitocin) stimulates gravid uterus causes let down of milk from the breast. ADH (vasopressin) causes the kidney to retain water.

The Endocrine System

Anterior Pituitary Primarily regulates other endocrine glands rarely a factor in endocrinological emergencies TSH stimulates the thyroid gland to release its hormones, thus metabolic rate
Anterior Pituitary Growth hormone (GH) glucose usage consumption of fats as an energy source ACTH stimulates the adrenal cortex to release its hormones FSH & LH stimulates maturation & release of eggs from ovary.

The Endocrine System

The Thyroid Gland lies in the anterior neck just below the larynx. Two lobes, located on either side of the trachea, Secretes the hormone thyroxin and triiodothyronine. They help in growth of bones and development and growth of the brain and nervous system in children. The secretion of hormones are controlled by thyrotropin produce by pituitary gland. Over or under secretion of thyroid hormones leads to a number of thyroid problems in the body.

The Endocrine System

Parathyroid Glands small, pea-shaped glands, located in the neck near the thyroid usually 4 - number can vary regulate the level of calcium in the body produce parathyroid hormone - level of calcium in blood Hypocalcaemia can result if parathyroid are removed or destroyed.

The Endocrine System

Adrenal Glands 2 small glands that sit atop both kidneys. Each has 2 divisions, each with different functions.
Adrenal Cortex Is the outer layer and secretes two hormones collectively called corticosteroids. Influence and regulate the salt and water levels. They also helpful in the bodys response to stress , metabolism ,immune system and the function and development of sexual organs.

The Endocrine System

The Adrenal Medulla Inner part that secretes Catecholamines like Epinephrine or simply the Adrenaline, it increases the blood pressure and blood pressure when the body is under stress.

The Endocrine System

Pancreas a key gland located in the folds of the duodenum has both endocrine and exocrine functions secretes several key digestive enzymes and two important hormones Insulin and Glucagon.

The Endocrine System

Pineal It is located in the center of the brain Melatonin is secreted by this gland that helps regulate the sleeping cycle of a person.

The Endocrine System

Alpha () cells release glucagon, essential for controlling blood glucose levels. Beta cells secretes Insulin

The Endocrine System

Beta Cells () release insulin (antagonistic to glucagon). Insulin the rate at which various body cells take up glucose. Thus, insulin lowers the blood glucose level. Insulin is rapidly broken down by the liver and must be secreted constantly.

The Endocrine System

Gonads and Ovaries: the endocrine glands associated with human reproduction. Female ovaries produce eggs Male gonads produce sperm both have endocrine functions.
Ovaries: located in the abdominal cavity adjacent to the uterus. Under the control of LH and FSH from the anterior pituitary they manufacture estrogen progesterone

The Endocrine System

Estrogen and Progesterone have several functions, including sexual development and preparation of the uterus for implantation of the egg.
Testes: located in the scrotum produce sperm for reproduction manufacture testosterone promotes male growth and masculinization Controlled by anterior pituitary hormones FSH and LH.

 Chemical substances secreted by the Endocrine glands. They are carried by the blood from where they are secreted to the target organs or site of action. Hormones regulate most of the body functions of living such as energy use, growth , maturation , reproduction , and overall metabolism.

HORMONES

DISEASES OF THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

 Acromegaly This is due to hyper secretion of growth hormones. It is a condition wherein the nose , jaw , hands, and feet grow out of proportion. Treatment options include surgical removal of the tumor, drug therapy, and radiation therapy of the pituitary..

 Gigantism This is due to the hyper secretion of growth hormones. The most effective way of removing a pituitary tumor is through surgery.

 Dwarfism This is due to hypo secretion of growth hormones during early life's. Surgical procedures that may correct problems with bones in people with disproportionate dwarfism

 Goiter The enlargement of thyroid gland but its not cancerous. The only treatment is surgery and radioactive iodine.

 Cretin Severe mental retardation caused by a major deficiency in the thyroid gland . There was no treatment for this disease.

HOW CAN WE TAKE CARE OF OUR ENDOCRINE SYSTEM?

Avoid steroids. Get plenty of rest. Eat healthy diet . Engage a regular exercise program. Relax and slow down, stress cause illness and disease .

CLOSE YOUR NOTES!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

1. What is the master gland of the Endocrine System?

A. Pineal Gland B. Adrenal Gland C. Pituitary Gland D. Pancreas

2. What hormone increases the blood pressure and heart rate when the body is under stress?
A. B. C. D. Fats Calcitinin Catecholamines None of the above

3. What hormone helps the body to regulate the sleeping cycle?

A. B. C. D. Melanin Melatonin Adrenaline Hormone

4. Where can you find your Parathyroid?

A. At the back bone B. At the back of hypothalamus C. At the back of thyroid Gland D. At the Trachea

5.What do you call the organ that capable of secreting materials?

A . Ducts B. Glands C. Nerves D. Heart

6. Where does the hormone of Posterior lobe came from?

A. B. C. D. Brain Pituitary Gland Hypothalamus Ovary

7. Gigantism is due to ??
A. Hypo secretion of growth hormones B. Hyper secretion of growth hormones C. Etero virus D. Anemia

8.