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Drug Abuse
Drug Abuse
Drug Abuse
Situation in Pakistan
According to UNO survey conducted in 1986, The number of addicts in Pakistan is 2,066,862. Urban area addicts 768,411 and in Rural area 1,298,451. Total heroine addicts 657,392 in urban area 355,421 and rural area 301,971. The projected increase of addicts in Pakistan every year is estimated at 10%. 10,000 addicts were prosecuted in Sindh a few year ago. According to a survey , an amount of Rs 6,840 million per annum is being spent on drugs by the addict in country.
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Drug
Any substance that when taken
into the living organism may modify one or more of its functions (WHO).
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DRUG DEPENDENCE
It is described as a state of psychic and
sometimes also Physical resulting from the interaction between a living organism and a drug characterized by behavioral and other responses that always include a compulsion to take the drug on a continuous or periodic basis in order to experience a psychic effects and sometimes to avoid the discomforts of its absence. A person may be dependent upon more than one drug. 5
Drug Addiction
It is defined as a state of periodic or
chronic intoxication detrimental to the individual and society produced by the repeated attacks of habit-forming drugs. Drug abuse has become an alarming problem in our society
Psychological dependence
Drug Tolerance
Physical Tolerance: When drugs is withdrawn the patient shows Withdrawal Symptoms: such as irrational and violent behavior nausea, diarrhoea, watering of eyes and nose etc. Development of Tolerance There is a tendency to increase the dose.
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Agents Factors
1) Alcohol. 2) Opioids. 3) Cannabinoids (Marijuana, Hashish). 4) Sedatives or hypnotics. 5) Cocaine . 6) Other Stimulants including Caffeine. 7) Hallucinogens. 8) Tobacco. 9) Volatile Solvents. 10) Other Psychoactive substances and drugs from different
class used in combination.
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physical
Yes
tolerance
Yes
None Anesthesia Narcolepsy and behavioral disorders Antisepsis pneumia None in modren medicine Relief of pain
No No No
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4
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6 7 8
Alcohol Cannabis(marjuana,hashish) Narcotics(opium,heroine,mor phine,codeine)pethine LSD(synthetics derived from fungus on grain) Hallucinogenic morning glori
No None
Yes Yes
Yes Yes
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The Drugs, Which are in common use today 1. Amphetamines and cocaine 2. Barbiturates 3. Cannabis 4. Heroin 5. LSD (Lysergic acid Diethylamide) 6. Alcohol 7. Tobacco 8. Volatile solvents 9. Caffeine
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2) Used for obesity, mild depression, and narcolepsy (10-30 mg) 3) Common names are Benzedrine, Dexedrine, methedrine 4) Produces mood elevation, feeling of well being and increased alertness. 5) Increases self-confidence and energy so called superman drugs. 6) Derives from leaves of coca plant and formally used as local anesthetics. 7) It is CNS stimulant. 8) Very notorious for Psychic dependence with large doses and rapid and strong.
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2) Barbiturates
1) 2) 3) 4)
They are sedative drugs. Major ingredients of sleeping pills Mainly used in anesthesia department. Causes both physical and psychic dependence.
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4) 5)
6)
7)
4) Heroin
1) Heroin, Morphine, Codeine, Methadone,
Pathidine are Narcotic Analgesics. 2) It causes worse type of addictions. because it produces craving. 3) It Causes Psychic dependence and tends to develop early. 4) Tolerance to Heroin is very rapid so the dose of its is increased to achieve the same effect.
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Addict person
Heroin
2.
3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
Sandoz Laboratories in Switzerland. Its Psychic properties were notice in 1943 accidentally. It oral dose range is 100-250 Micro gram. Its side effects are disturbance in colour person and auditory acuity body image distortion, visual illusions, and Pseudo hallucinations are common. Colours are heard and music become palpable. Subjective time is deranged so that seconds to be minutes and minutes passed slowly as hours Physical dependence does not developed with LSD, hence there is no addiction liability.
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6) ALCOHOL
1) By Pharmacological definition, Alcohol is a Drug and may be 2) 3) 4) 5)
Classified as sedative, tranquillizer, hypnotic and anesthetic, depending upon the quantity. Its rapidly absorbed in stomach and in small intestine. With in 23 minutes of consumption it can be detected in the blood. For last 30-40 years young people are started drinking it more as compare to older peoples so the liver cirrhosis and rode side accidents are common Alcohol has a marked effect on CNS. It is not stimulant as longed believed. According to current concept alcohol is considered a disease, which causes acute and chronic intoxication, cirrhosis of the liver, toxic psychosis, gastritis, pancreatitis, cardiomyopathy and peripheral neuropathy It can cause cancer of mouth, pharynx, Larynx, and esophagus. It is an important etiological factor in suicide, RTA, violence, 21 family disorganization, crime and loss o productivity.
6)
5)
6) 7) 8)
increased twenty times in25 years. Honduras.65% rural population spending 33% of their salary. Kuwait. Road Side accidents increased three times from 1975 to 1985. The united kingdom. one out nine at an advanced stage of alcohol dependence receives care by medical or social services. United States .The cost-medical, psychiatrics and social- of the consequences of drinking is estimated at US dollars 43,000 million each year. Venezuela. Traffic accident ranks as the fifth leading cause of death, with alcohol implicated in 36% to 60% of all cases. Zambia. study of autopsies showed a high level of alcohol content in the blood of victims of traffic accidents.
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Alcohol
7) TOBACCO
1. Its illegal use is every where in the world 2. About 3 million premature death occurred
every where. 3. It causes 30% of all cancer death. 4. It causes stroke, MI, Aortic aneurysm, Peptic ulcer, and Bronchitis, Emphysema and Lung Cancer.
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Tobacco
8) VOLATILE SOLVENTS
9) CAFFINE
1. Most commonly used drugs world wide. 2. About 10 billion pounds of Coffee are
consumed yearly throughout the world 3. It causes anxiety, agitation, and restlessness. 4. Withdrawal from Caffeine can produced headache, irritability, lethargy and nausea.
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HOST FACTORS
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
To get pleasure. Desired to experiment. Thinking it an adventure. Wish for self-knowledge. Desire to Escape. Age(mostly teenagers)
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ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS
Unemployment. Living away from home . Migration to cities . Relaxed parental control. Alienation (isolation) from family. Early Exposure to drugs. Leavings School early . Broken homes . Large urban environment. Areas where drugs are sold traded or produced. Certain Occupations (Tourism, drug production or sale areas with a high rates of Crimes. Areas where there are drug using Granges Areas where delinquency is common
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PREVENTION
Legal Approach: 1) Strict Law implementation. 2) Prohibition of the sale of Tobacco products to minors 3) Restriction on the sale of Cigarettes through automatic wending machines 4) Prohibition of smoking in schools and other public places. 5) Prohibition Cigarettes Advertising. 6) Public Health Education posters on prominent places.
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Educational Approach
1. Educational Programs for Children. 2. Public Information campaigns on
Electronic media.
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Community Approach
1. Community should take active part for
2. 3.
prevention of drugs . Teen centers providing activities attractive to the adolescents who might otherwise drift in a drug taking subculture . Establishment of groups of organizations interested in athletics,sports,music,public policy,religion and artistic activities of various kinds.
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Treatment
1. Identification of Drug addicts and their
motivation for detoxication 2. Detoxication (needs Hospitalization) 3. Post-detoxication counseling and follow up(based on Clinic and home visits). 4. Rehabilitation.
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1. Assistant Unit.
2. Occupational and vocational training
unit.
Assistant Unit
social worker. Occupational and vocational training unit. Sewing, weaving carpets, dune making, Preparing nawar o baan,cane work,basket making, shoe making, carpentry,blackmith,pottery and 36 handicrafts.
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Management Unit
for getting the employment in factories, offices and business firms and watch the welfare and conduct. It will also arrange supply of raw material required for vocational training centre and marketing of the manufactured articles.
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Rehabilitation of Addicts
Solve the problems of the addicts.
Shelter provision outside the city. Religion support. Re-educating the addicts.
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Charas
Bhang
Shisha
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