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NWRC BIO 30
Checkpoints
To minimize the occurrence of mistakes in cellcycle events, a cell's progress through the cycle is monitored at four key checkpoints Control mechanisms that operate at these checkpoints ensure that chromosomes are intact and that each stage of the cell cycle is completed before the following stage is initiated.
Checkpoints
Checkpoints
There is also a checkpoint in the S (synthesis) phase to check against DNA damage
Cancer
The uncontrolled growth of cells forms a lump called a tumour. Cell division is essential for growth, repair and reproduction. It is tightly controlled by genes inside the cell. Special genes,, stimulate the production of growthstimulating chemicals that trigger cell division.
Cancer
Tumour in pancreas Tumour in brain
Cancer
Tumour in pancreas Tumour in brain
Cancer
There are many different types of cancer and there can be a number of different causes for each one. However, researchers think that cancers happen when the normal control of cell division goes wrong. A mutation is simply a change in the structure of the cell's DNA. Everybody has DNA that contains mutations and these mostly do not cause any problems -
Cancer
This demo shows you how cancer cells multiply and spread into the bloodstream.
Causes of Cancer
Substances which interfere with normal cell division are called carcinogens (link to list of known/suspected carcinogens)
Apoptosis
Is a process of planned orderly death by a cell in a multicellular organism. It involves an orderly series of biochemical events leading to a cell death. The apoptotic process is executed in such a way as to safely dispose of cellular debris.
Stem Cellls
Stem cells have the remarkable potential to develop into many different cell types in the body. Serving as a sort of repair system for the body, they can theoretically divide without limit to replenish other cells as long as the person or animal is still alive. When a stem cell divides, each new cell has the potential to either remain a stem cell or become another type of cell with a more specialized function, such as a muscle cell, a red blood cell, or a brain cell.
Assessment
1. Certain cyclins and cyclin dependant enzymes control the cell cycle 2. The cycle is shorter and it divides in an unrestrained way
Assessment
3. cigarette smoke, ultraviolet radiation, asbestos (there are many others) 4. apoptosis is programmed cell death cancers will grow and divide as long as they are supplied with essential nutrients