We measure ordinary objects either by counting or weighing them, depending on which method is more convenient

Silberberg, M. 2010. Principles of General Chemistry. 2nd ed. New York: McGraw-Hill. http://weyume.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/04/rice.jpg http://farm1.static.flickr.com/21/90994367_5613e69fd9.jpg

Certain nouns can be used to define a collection of objects

Dozen = 12

Pair = 2

The mole

The mole (n or mol) is the amount of matter that contains as many entities (atoms, molecules, ions, or other particles) as there are atoms in exactly 12 g of the carbon-12 isotope (12C) The actual number of atoms in 12 g of carbon-12 was determined experimentally Avogadros number (NA) NA = 6.02 x 1023

Brown, , E. LeMay, and B. Bursten. 2000. Chemistry: The Central Science. 8th ed. Phils: Pearson Education Asia Pte. Ltd.

Chang, R. 2002. Chemistry 7th ed. Singapore: McGraw-Hill.

Just as 1 dozen of oranges contains 12 oranges, 1 mole of matter contains 6.02 x 1023 entities

1 mole 12C atoms = 6.02 x 1023

12C

atoms

1 mole H2O molecules = 6.02 x 1023 H2O molecules

1 mole NO3- ions = 6.02 x 1023 NO3- ions

Brown, , E. LeMay, and B. Bursten. 2000. Chemistry: The Central Science. 8th ed. Phils: Pearson Education Asia Pte. Ltd.

Chang, R. 2002. Chemistry 7th ed. Singapore: McGraw-Hill.

Each of these contains one mole of the substance

carbon sulfur

mercury

copper

iron
Chang, R. 2002. Chemistry 7th ed. Singapore: McGraw-Hill.

One mole (or an Avogadros number) is an extremely big number

One mole of softdrink cans would cover the surface of the earth to a depth of over 300 kilometers If we were able to count the number of atoms at a rate of 10 million per second, it would take about 2 billion years to count a mole of atoms

Molar mass

The molar mass (M) of a substance is the mass of one mole of its entities (atoms, molecules, ions, or other particles) in units of g/mol
MC = 12.01 g/mol (one mole of C atom weighs 12.01 g) MH2O = 18.0 g/mol (one mole of H2O molecule weighs 18.0 g) MNO3- = 62.0 g/mol (one mole of NO3- ion weighs 62.0 g)
Brown, T., E. LeMay, and B. Bursten. 2000. Chemistry: The Central Science. 8th ed. Phils: Pearson Education Asia Pte. Ltd.

Silberberg, M. 2010. Principles of General Chemistry. 2nd ed. New York: McGraw-Hill.

The periodic table is indispensable for calculating the molar mass of a substance Elements M is the numerical value from the periodic table
MH = 1.008 g/mol

MO = 16.00 g/mol

Silberberg, M. 2010. Principles of General Chemistry. 2nd ed. New York: McGraw-Hill.

The periodic table is indispensable for calculating the molar mass of a substance Compounds M is the sum of the molar masses of the atoms of the elements in the formula
MSO2 = MS + (2 x MO) = 32.07 g/mol + (2 x 16.00 g/mol) = 64.07 g/mol
Silberberg, M. 2010. Principles of General Chemistry. 2nd ed. New York: McGraw-Hill.

The periodic table is indispensable for calculating the molar mass of a substance Compounds M is the sum of the molar masses of the atoms of the elements in the formula
MK2S = (2 x MK) + MS = (2 x 39.10 g/mol) + 32.07 g/mol = 110.27 g/mol
Silberberg, M. 2010. Principles of General Chemistry. 2nd ed. New York: McGraw-Hill.

Interconverting moles, mass, and chemical entities (atoms, molecules, ions, or other particles)

The factor-label method is used to convert from one unit to another 1 peso = 4 25-centavos
1 peso 4 25-centavos
unit factor

=1

4 25-centavos
1 peso

=1

Chang, R. 2002. Chemistry 7th ed. Singapore: McGraw-Hill.

Alexa bought 18 fresh chickens eggs. How many dozens of egg did she buy?
unit factor

dozens of egg =

18 eggs

1 dozen egg 12 eggs

= 1.5 dozens of egg

In order to convert between moles, mass, and chemical entities, the factor label method is used

Silberberg, M. 2010. Principles of General Chemistry. 2nd ed. New York: McGraw-Hill.

Methane (CH4) is the principal component of natural gas. How many moles of methane are present in 6.07 g of CH4?
MCH4 = MC + (4 x MH)
= 12.01 g/mol + (4 x 1.01 g/mol) = 16.05 g/mol nCH4 = 6.07 g CH4 x 1 mol CH4 16.05 g CH4 = 0.378 mol CH4
Report final answer with the correct number of significant figures!

How many molecules of methane are present 6.07 g of CH4?

6.07 g CH4 1 mol CH4
16.05 g CH4 x

molecules CH4 =

6.02 x 1023 molecules CH4

mol CH4

= 2.28 x 1023 molecules CH4

Glucose (C6H12O6), also known as blood sugar, is used by the body as energy source. How many moles of glucose are present in 1.75 x 1022 molecules of glucose?

nC6H12O6 =

1.75 x 1022 molecules C6H12O6

1 mol C6H12O6 6.02 x 1023 molecules C6H12O6

= 0.0291 mol C6H12O6

How many grams of glucose are present in 1.75 x 1022 molecules of glucose?
MC6H12O6 = (6 x MC) + (12 x MH) + (6 x MO)
= (6 x 12.01 g/mol) + (12 x 1.01 g/mol) + (6 x 16.00 g/mol) = 180.18 g/mol

How many grams of glucose are present in 1.75 x 1022 molecules of glucose?
1.75 x 1022 molecules C6H12O6 1 mol C6H12O6
6.02 x 1023 molecules C6H12O6 x 180.18 g C6H12O6

nC6H12O6 =

1 mol C6H12O6
= 5.24 g C6H12O6

1. Urea [(NH2)2CO] is used in animal feeds, as fertilizer and in the manufacture of polymers.
a. Draw the Lewis structure of area. C is surrounded by O and the Ns. (Where are the Hs connected?) b. Calculate its molar mass. c. Consider 25.6 g of urea. How many moles of urea present? d. How many moles of N are present? e. How many moles of C are present? f. How many molecules of urea are present? g. How many atoms of N are present?

2. Vitamin C, ascorbic acid, is often sold as sodium ascorbate.

OH HO O O
a. Calculate its molar mass. Na+ O OH b. Consider a 500.-mg tablet. How many moles of sodium ascorbate are present? c. How many moles of C are present? d. How many moles of Na are present? e. How many formula units of sodium ascorbate are present? f. How many atoms of Na are present?

Chemical reactions and chemical equations

A chemical reaction shows the process in which a substance (or substances) is changed into one or more new substances

Chang, R. 2002. Chemistry 7th ed. Singapore: McGraw-Hill.

A chemical equation uses chemical symbols to show what happens during a chemical reaction

(g)

(g) reactants product

(l)

Two molecules of hydrogen react with one molecule of oxygen to yield two moles of water
Chang, R. 2002. Chemistry 7th ed. Singapore: McGraw-Hill.

The Law of Conservation of Mass states that matter is neither created nor destroyed

Chang, R. 2002. Chemistry 7th ed. Singapore: McGraw-Hill.

To conform with the Law of Conservation of Mass, there must be the same number of each type of atom on both sides of the arrow. Hence, we balance the equation by adding coefficients before each chemical symbol

Chang, R. 2002. Chemistry 7th ed. Singapore: McGraw-Hill.

Calculating the amounts of reactant and product

Stoichiometry a double cheeseburger

2 bun slices + 2 cheese slices + 2 burger patties =

In a balanced equation, the number of moles of one substance is equivalent to the number of moles of any of the other substances
2CO(g) + O2(g) 2CO2(g) 2 mol CO = 1 mol O2 2 mol CO 1 mol O2 =1 1 mol O2 2 mol CO =1

Chang, R. 2002. Chemistry 7th ed. Singapore: McGraw-Hill. Silberberg, M. 2010. Principles of General Chemistry. 2nd ed. New York: McGraw-Hill.

In a balanced equation, the number of moles of one substance is equivalent to the number of moles of any of the other substances
2CO(g) + O2(g) 2CO2(g) 2 mol CO = 2 mol CO2 2 mol CO 2 mol CO2 =1 2 mol CO2 2 mol CO =1

Chang, R. 2002. Chemistry 7th ed. Singapore: McGraw-Hill. Silberberg, M. 2010. Principles of General Chemistry. 2nd ed. New York: McGraw-Hill.

In a balanced equation, the number of moles of one substance is equivalent to the number of moles of any of the other substances
2CO(g) + O2(g) 2CO2(g) 1 mol O2 = 2 mol CO2 1 mol O2 2 mol CO2 =1 2 mol CO2 1 mol O2 =1

Chang, R. 2002. Chemistry 7th ed. Singapore: McGraw-Hill. Silberberg, M. 2010. Principles of General Chemistry. 2nd ed. New York: McGraw-Hill.

The amount of one substance in a reaction is related to that of any other

Silberberg, M. 2010. Principles of General Chemistry. 2nd ed. New York: McGraw-Hill.

All alkali metals react with water to produce hydrogen gas and the corresponding alkali metal hydroxide
2Li(s) + 2H2O(l) 2LiOH(aq) + H2(g)

How many moles of H2 will be formed by the complete reaction of 6.23 moles of Li with water?
2Li(s) + 2H2O(l) 2LiOH(aq) + H2(g)

6.23 mol Li nH2 = x

1 mol H2 2 mol Li

= 3.12 mol H2

How many grams of H2 will be formed by the complete reaction of 80.57 g of Li with water?
2Li(s) + 2H2O(l) 80.57 g Li 2LiOH(aq) + H2(g) 1 mol Li 1 mol H2 2 mol Li

mH2 =

x
6.941 g Li x

2.016 g H2
1 mol H2

= 11.70 g H2

In a lifetime, the average American uses about 794 kg of copper in coins, plumbing, and wiring. Copper is obtained from sulfide ores (such as Cu2S) by a multistep process. After an initial grinding, the first step is to roast the ore (heat it strongly with O2) to form Cu2O and SO2
2Cu2S(s) + 3O2(g) 2Cu2O(s) + 2SO2(g)

How many moles of oxygen are required to roast 10.0 mol of Cu2S?
2Cu2S(s) + 3O2(g) 2Cu2O(s) + 2SO2(g)

nO2 =

10.0 mol Cu2S

3 mol O2 2 mol Cu2S

= 15.0 mol O2

How many grams of SO2 are formed when 10.0 mol of Cu2S is roasted?
2Cu2S(s) + 3O2(g) 2Cu2O(s) + 2SO2(g)

mSO2 =

10.0 mol Cu2S

2 mol SO2 2 mol Cu2S

64.07 g SO2 1 mol SO2

= 641 g SO2

Ch 2 F
No meeting this Friday Lab discussion moved to March 2 1:30-3:30 pm SOM 201

How many grams of O2 are required to form 2.86 kg of Cu2O?

2Cu2S(s) + 3O2(g) 2.86 kg Cu2O 2Cu2O(s) + 2SO2(g) 1000 g Cu2O 1 kg Cu2O x 1 mol Cu2O

mO2 =

143.10 g Cu2O

3 mol O2
2 mol Cu2O

32.00 g O2
1 mol O2

= 960 g O2

Limiting Reactants
The reactant used up first in a chemical reaction is called the limiting reactant. Excess reactants are present in quantities greater than necessary to react with the quantity of the limiting reactant. A + B --- C + D Given the amounts of A and B, which is the limiting reactant?

Urea is prepared by reacting ammonia with carbon dioxide: 2NH3(g) + CO2(g) -- (NH2)2CO(aq) + H2O(l)
In one process, 637.2 g of NH3 are allowed to react with 1142 g of CO2. (a) Which is the limiting reactant? (b) How much urea (in grams) is produced? (c) How much of the excess reactant (in grams) is left at the end of the reaction?

Strategy
Convert mass of each reactant to moles Calculate the amount of product formed from the each of the reactants. The reactant the produces the less amount is the limiting reactant.

1. The reaction between aluminum and iron (III) oxide can generate temperatures around 3000C and is used in welding metals: 2Al + Fe2O3 -- Al2O3 + 2Fe In one process, 124 g of Al are reacted with 601 g of ferric oxide. (a)Which is the limiting reactant? (b)How much Al2O3 (in grams) is produced? (c)How much of the excess reactant (in grams) is left at the end of the reaction? 2. Titanium is a strong & light metal used in rockets & aircrafts. It is prepared by the reaction between titanium (IV) chloride with molten magnesium at around 1000C: TiCl4 + 2Mg -- Ti + 2MgCl2 In a certain industrial operation, 3.54 x 107g of TiCl4 are reacted with 1.13 x 107 g of magnesium. (a)Which is the limiting reactant? (b)How much Ti (in grams) is produced? (c)How much of the excess reactant (in grams) is left at the end of the reaction?