Growth and Development

Our Lady of Fatima University January 11, 200

John Jamsani Teodoro

Overview of Growth and Development

Growth and Development is an orderly and predictable process. While rates of maturation vary from one person and from stage to stage. Within each person there is range of Normal.

The term Growth and Development are occasionally used interchangeably but are different. GROWTH is generally used to denote an increase in physical size or quantitative change. DEVELOPMENT is used to denote an increase in skills or ability to function. COGNITIVE DEVT is the ability to learn or understand from experience, to retain knowledge and to solve problems (Intelligence).

The Scientific Study Of Human Development The scientific study of human development is the science that seeks to understand: How & why people change? How & why they stay the same, as they grow older?

The Life-span Perspective of Devt

Multidirectional - change is not always linear Multicontextual - embedded in many contexts Multicultural Multidisciplinary - Studied by everyone Plastic - can be changed

Three Domains of Development

Biosocial The part of human development that includes physical growth and development as well as the family, community, & cultural factors that affect that growth & development.

Cognitive The part of human development that includes all the mental processes through which an individual thinks, learns, & communicates, plus the institutions involved in learning and communicating.

Psychosocial
The part of human emotions, personality development that includes, and relationships with other people. This domain also includes the larger community & the culture.

Factors Influencing Growth and Development

1. Genetic Influences 2. Gender 3. Race and Nationality 4. Intelligence 5. Health 6. Environment 7. Nutrition 8. Socio-Economic Level 9. Parent-Child Relationship 10. Ordinal Position (Family)

Principles of Growth and Development

1. Growth and Development is a continuous process. 2. Growth and Development proceeds in orderly sequence 3. Different children pass through the predictable stages at different rates 4. All body system do not develop at the same rate

Principles of Growth and Development

5. Development is cephalo-caudal 6. There is optimum time for initiation of experience or learning 7. A great deal of skill and behavior is learned by practice

Highlights in Physical Development

1 : Regards face 2 : Smiles 3 : Turns head 4 : Holds head 5 : Roll over 6. Transfer object 7 : Sits w/ support 8 : Crawls 9 : Pulls over 10 : Cruises 11 : Walk w/ support 12 : Stands alone

Two Developmental Screens Commonly Used by Pediatrician

Denver II Developmental Screening Test - Divide streams of Development into gross motor, Fine motor, language and personalsocial.

Clinical Adaptive Test - Rates problem solving and visual motor ability.

Criteria for Suitability of Toys

1. Is it safe? 2. Is it Useful? 3. Is it compatible?

PLAY
Infancy Solitary
-stack toys, blocks, pots - drums to bang - push and pull toys

Toddler
Pre-school

Parallel
Associative

- rocking horse, swing - finger paints, puzzle

-Trucks, dollhouse - Doctor and nurse kits -Sandbox, outdoor gym -Games and Sports - Board games, books and TV

School Age

Cooperative

PLAY medium for expression, communication and growth in children

Functions of Play
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Educational Recreational Physical Devt Social and Emotional Adjustment Therapeutic

Theories
1.Erikson 2. Freud 3. Piaget

Freuds Stages

Eriksons Stages

Infant

Oral Stage - Child explores the world by using mouth, especially the tongue Anal Stage - Child learns to control urination and defecation

Trust v/s Mistrust - Child learns to love and be loved. Autonomy v/s shame - Child learns to be independent and makes decision for self

Toddler

Pre-school

Phallic Stage - Child learns sexual identity through awareness of genital area

Initiative v/s guilt - Child learns to do basic things (problem solving)

Freuds Stages School Age Child Adolescent

Latent stage - Childs personality development appears to be nonactive or dormant Genital Stage - Adolescent develops sexual maturity and learns to establish satisfactory relationship with the opposite sex

Eriksons Stages
Industry v/s inferiority - Child learns to do things well

Identity v/s role confusion - Adolescent learns who he or she is and what kind of person he or she will be by adjusting to new image.

Growth and Development Throughout Lifespan

Infancy (0-1)
Nutrition - Vit. C, D and Iron is not found in milk - Solid food introduce at 4 to 6 months Psychosocial Devt - mother should not expect too much from infant Health Maintainace

Toddler (1-3)
- Autonomy / Independence - Recognize that they are separate individual > Negativistic > Difficult to manage Socialization - imitates what she/ he sees - differentiate boy from girl Toilet Training - stays dry for 2 hours with regular bowel movt - Can sit, walk and squat - Can verbalize the desire to void or defecate

Toddler (1-3)
Negativism - undergo extreme negativism, hates to do anything - reply to every request is definite NO!
Temper tantrums

Pre-school (4-5)
Oedipus and Electral Complexes
- aware of sexuality, sexual roles and organs

Phallic Stage - Aware of bodys anatomy and sexual identity (Male and Female) - Sexual identity is important to preschool in play (Boys-toy guns / Girls-dolls) - Penis envy or castration fear - Deal with masturbation in non-judgmental manner

School Age (6-12)

Strives for Achievements of: 1. Gross motor competency (Sports) 2. Fine motor dexterity (crafts/arts) 3. Cognitive proficiency (reading, math) 4. Social mastery (friends, peer groups) Psychosocial Development - master skills that will help them fxn in the adult world - Stealing is a common school-age problem

Ways to assist a school-age child develop psychosocially

1. Recognizing success and providing praise for achievements. 2. Guiding children to perform task in w/c they are likely to succeed. 3. Guiding the child to complete task 4. Teaching the child to get along with peers 5. Teaching the child to get along with adults

School Age (6-12)

Play - collecting age begins (Cards, posters, marbles etc.) Cognitive Devt - develop logical reasoning, cause and effect Moral and Spiritual Devt - God is good and always present to help - Hygiene and Nutrition

Adolescent (12-18)
- Period during w/c the person becomes physically and psychologically mature and acquires personal identity. Puberty first stage of adolescent in w/c sexual organ begins to grow and mature. girls 10 to 14 boys 12 to 16 Menarche occurs in girls Ejaculation - occurs in boys

Adolescent (12-18)
Physical Devt - adolescent growth Spurt - Glandular changes sweat, acne Cognitive Devt - ability to use scientific thought plan their future

Adolescent (12-18)
Psychosocial Devt - task is to establish identity and self-concept - Adolescent are sexually active and may engage in masturbation or heterosexual activity. - Dating helps prepare them for marriage by teaching them how to act with members of opposite sex.

Adolescent (12-18)
Promoting Healthy Family Functioning - It is not easy to be with teenagers, it is equally difficult to be teenagers - Teenagers need good adult role models so that they can see that adult roles are not frightening but desirable. Sex Education

Adolescent (12-18)
Common Health Problems - Obesity - Acne - Adolescent Pregnancy - STD - Drug / Alcoholism - Suicide - Motor Vehicular Accident

Young Adults
Young adult become independent on their families, establish careers, often establish a close relationship with a significant other and decide to have children.

Young adult is typically busy person who faces many challenges

Young Adults
Psychosocial Devt - Occupational choice and education are largely inseparable - Self-esteem is very important for the young adults - He must gain respect from others for accomplishments he has

Muchas Gracias!