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Mixture and Seperations
Mixture and Seperations
Mixture and Seperations
Identify the different types of solutions Investigate experimentally the effect of structure and temperature on solubility of solids in water Distinguish among solutions, suspensions and colloids Identify suitable separation techniques based on difference in properties of the components of mixtures Describe the extraction of sucrose from sugar cane
Chapter 8
Sugar crystals
Pure substances usually exist in crystal form. For example, table salt, sugar and copper(II)
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A pure substance has a fixed melting point and boiling point. For example, pure water boils at 100 oC, and melts at 0 oC.
b.p. 100 oC m.p. 0 oC
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A mixture on the other hand, is an impure substance. It does not have a fixed melting point and boiling point. It melts or boils over a range of temperatures. For example, sea water boils at about 102 oC and freezes at around 2.5oC. In general, an impurity lowers the melting point and increases the boiling point of a substance.
Chapter 8
In nature, most substances are impure. They consist of two or more substances mixed together. Such substances are called mixtures. Examples of mixtures are air, sea water, petroleum and granite rock. Mixtures can be purified or separated by physical methods.
Chapter 8
Chapter 8
A mixture can be made up of two or more elements. E.g. Brass is a mixture of copper and zinc.
Brass
A mixture can be made up of two or more elements or compounds. E.g. Air is a mixture which contains both elements and compounds.
Air contains both elements and compounds.
Element
Compound
Mixtures
Mixtures
Homogenous
Heterogeneous
Solution
Suspension
Colloid
Emulsion
Chapter 8
Chapter 8
Solubility of a solution refers to the amount of solute that is able to dissolve in a given quantity of solvent at a fixed temperature and pressure. The rate of dissolving of a solute depends on:
Temperature (e.g. Solubility increases with temperature.) Surface area of solute (e.g. Fine sugar dissolves faster than rock sugar.) Rate of agitation (e.g. Stirring the solution increases the rate of dissolving.)
Chapter 8
Heterogeneous mixtures have non-uniform compositions which can be mechanically separated. Examples of heterogeneous mixtures are colloids and suspensions. Colloids include fog, smoke, shaving cream, milk, blood, styrofoam, gelatin, and cheese. Suspensions include muddy water, paint and chalk powder suspended in water.
Definitions
Solution- A solution is formed when one substance called a solute dissolves in another called the solvent. Types of solution
solid
solid
gas
Liquid
liquid
liquid
When two liquids form a solution they are said to be miscible. Suspension- A suspension is a type of mixture formed when the solute does not dissolve in a solvent. These particles settle on standing. Liquids that do not dissolve in each other are said to be immiscible. A colloid is a mixture where the solute particles are bigger than that of a solution but smaller than those in a suspension. These particle do not settle on standing and can pass through a filter paper.
Emulsion- These are type of colloids where one liquid is finely dispersed in another liquid. Eg mayonnaise, oil dispersed in water Summary of separation Technique
Type of mixture
Principle of method
Example
Solid/solid
One substance sublimes the other does not Differing solubility in a particular solvent.
Solvent extraction
solid/liquid suspension
Solution
colloid
Differing particle Chalk/water sizes Widely differing Copper boiling points sulphate/water
Differing solubilities in a praticular solvent leading to differing speed of movement on chromatogram Slightly differing boiling points Differing densities
Liquid/liquid Miscible
immiscible
Ethanol/water Oil/water
Chapter 8
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Chapter 8
Air is a mixture because it is made up of many gases such as oxygen, nitrogen, etc. not chemically combined together. The gases in air can be separated by physical means. Water is a compound because it is made up of hydrogen and oxygen chemically joined together. We cannot separate the gases in water by physical means.
2.
(a) It is a mixture because the iron and sulphur can be separated by physical means e.g. by using a magnet. Also, no heat or light is given out when the iron filings and sulphur are mixed together. (b) When the mixture of iron filings and sulphur is heated strongly, a compound is formed because a chemical reaction occurs e.g. heat and light are given off. Also, the sulphur and iron in the compound can no longer be separated by physical means such as by using a magnet.
(a) compound, (b) compound, (c) mixture, (d) mixture
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Chapter 8
Filtration Evaporation Crystallisation Sublimation Simple distillation Fractional distillation Use of separating funnel Chromatography
Chapter 8
The liquid (water) that has passed through the filter paper is called filtrate.
Chapter 8
Chapter 8
Crystallisation is the method used to obtain pure crystals from a solution. It is done by heating the solution in an evaporating dish until it is saturated. The hot solution is then allowed to cool. Crystals will be formed on cooling. They are then dried between sheets of filter paper.
Chapter 8
To separate ammonium chloride from sodium chloride, this method can be employed.
Chapter 8
Chapter 8
Fractional distillation is used to separate two or more miscible liquids with different boiling points. A fractionating column and a condenser are used.
Example: Mixture of ethanol and water When the thermometer reaches a steady temperature of 78 oC, ethanol is collected. Water is collected when the thermometer reaches a steady temperature of 100 oC.
Chapter 8
Example: Mixture of oil and water The tap is first opened to allow the water to drain out of the funnel. After all the water has drained out, another beaker is placed below the funnel and oil is now drained out.
Separation of oil-water mixture by using a separating funnel
Chapter 8
Paper Chromatography
Chromatography can be used to detect and identify very small quantities of substances. It is used to detect banned dyes used in food colourings, and detect illegal drugs used by athletes during major competitions.
Chapter 8
large beaker
starting line
solvent
-The solvent front must be allowed to move as far up the paper as possible to ensure that all the dyes are separated.
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(7 cm)
Sometimes the chromatogram needs to be sprayed with a locating agent to make the colourless spots in the chromatogram appear.
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Solution
Sample P contains green dye and one unknown dye. Sample Q contains only blue dye. Sample R contains green, blue and red dyes. Sample S contains green and red dyes.
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The cane sugar stalks and harvested and brought to factory for processing The cane stalks are cleaned by passing then along an agitated conveyer belt which passes strong jets of water over the cane stalks to remove dust, small rocks and leaves. The stalks are passed into shredder which contains revolving knives which cut stalks into chips The chips are passed into crusher consisting of two or three heavily grooved rollers. At the same time as the chips are crushed , hot water is sprayed onto the chips to dissolve the sugar in the stalks.
The juice that is extracted is an acidic, dark green liquid which contains sediments. The next step is clarification. The juice is neutralisation of calcium hydroxide and the addition of heat, insoluble salts are formed by the reaction between calcium hydroxide and sediment impurities. The non- sugar impurities are removed by continuous filtration producing a final clarified juice, which is 85% of water. The clarified juice goes into a series of three or four evaporators. The evaporators are under successively lower pressure so that as the juice passes from one to the next it boils at successively low temperatures .In this way the juice is concentrated but not charred or caramelized by the boiling process. The juice from the last evaporator is a thick syrup containing only 35% water.
The next step is crystallisation which take place in a single stage vacuum pan .The syrup is evaporated until saturate with sugar .As soon as the saturation point has been exceeded, small grains of sugar (called seed) are added to the pan to serve as nuclei for the formation of sugar crystals .As the crystals form, the remaining syrup becomes thick and viscous and is called molasses. The mixture of crystals and molasses form massecuite.
Molasses and sugar in the massecuite are separated by spinning in centrifuges. Each centrifuge contains a perforated basket .The massecuite is placed in the basket and is spun at high speed .The sugar crystals stay behind in the basket and the molasses is forced out through the holes.
Chapter 8
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3.
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State the method you will use to separate the following substances. (a) dissolution, followed by filtration (b) sublimation (c) evaporation (d) crystallisation (e) distillation (f ) fractional distillation (g) chromatography Explain the following in chromatography. (a) Ink contains dyes which could dissolve in the solvent and interfere with the chromatogram. (b) So that they would not smudge the paper. (c) It can detect and identify very small amounts of substances. Blue and yellow dyes
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Chapter 8
The iron filings are attracted by the magnet and can be separated from the sulphur.
Mixture of iron and sulphur
4. Heat the mixture of sulphur and iron filings strongly in an evaporating dish. Examine the substance formed carefully.
A black
Chapter 8
solid.
6. When iron filings and sulphur are heated, a compound called iron(II) sulphide is formed.
Chapter 8
3. http://orgchem.colorado.edu/hndbksupport/dist/dist.html
4. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fractional_distillation 5. http://www.chemistrydaily.com/chemistry/Chromatography