What is EIA? Where does EIA come from? What is the purpose of EIA? When is EIA required?

ed? How to conduct EIA? CODE AND POLICIES

The process that involves evaluating and predicting the likely impacts of a project on environment during construction, commissioning, operation and abandonment.

 Environmental Impact System (EIS) Environmental Statement (ES) Environmental Compliance Certificate (ECC)

Certificate of Non-Coverage (CNC)

Environmentally Critical Area (ECA) Environmentally Critical Project (ECP)

Environmental Impact System (EIS)

It is concerned primarily with assessing the direct and indirect impacts of a project on the biophysical and human environment and ensuring these impacts are addressed by appropriate environmental protection and enhance measures.

Environmental Statement (ES)

It is a document issued by the DENR/ EMB after a positive review of Environmental Compliance Commitment application, certifying that the proponent has complied with all the requirements of the EIS system and has committed to implement its approved Environmental Management Plan

Environmental Compliance Certificate (ECC)

It used to describe the written material submitted to the local planning authority in fulfillment of the EIA regulations.

 a certification issued by the EMB certifying the, based on the submitted project description, the project is not covered by the EIS System and is not required to secure an ECC.

 A general area declared thru proclamation 2146 as environmentally sensitive such that significant environmental impacts are expected if certain types/ thresholds of proposed projects are located, developed or implemented.

 Projects belonging to project types thru Proclamation No. 2146 and Proclamation No. 803 which may pose significant environmental impact at certain thresholds of operation regardless of location.

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Introduced in the U.S. as its beginning, several countries have followed EIA systems. U.S. was the first country to develop a system of EIA. National Environmental Policy Act (1969).

 Since

1969 a host of other countries had adopted EIA legislation. In 1997 the European Commission began drafting a directive EIA and finally published a proposal in 1980. Directive 85/337/EEC on the assessment of the effects of certain public and private projects on the environment.

 The

EIA Directive was adopted in July 1985 and Member States had until July 3, 1998 to implement its requirements.

To improve the environmental design of the proposal. Identify appropriate measures for minimizing the potential impacts of the proposal. Facilitate informed decision-making.

 Protect

human health and safety. Avoid irreversible changes and serious damage. Enhance the social aspects of proposal.

Foster interagency coordination. To enhance public participation.

It is used to enhanced planning and guide decision making. Through EIA process, adverse environmental impacts of proposed actions are intended to be considerably reduced through the subsequent formulation of appropriate management and plans.

It is apply to all forms of developments in accordance to EIA regulation which defines two schedules.
Development/ Project Classification

SCHEDULE 1 SCHEDULE 2

 These are large scale development wherein EIA must be carried out.

Major Power Plants Chemical Works Waste Disposal Incineration Major Roads Schemes

 These are smaller scale development wherein EIA must be carried out if the project is likely to have significant impact on the environment by virtue of its nature, size and location

Quarries and Opencast Intensive Livestock Rearing Overhead Transmission Lines Surface Storage of Fossil Fuels Foundries and Forges Coke Ovens Manufacture of Dairy Products Brewing Textile Operations Rubber Production Wide Range of Infrastructure Projects Waste Water Treatment Plants Holiday Villages Golf Courses

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 SCREENING SCOPING EIA REPORT PREPARATION EIA REVIEW AND EVALUATION DECISION MAKING

MONITORING, VALIDATION, AND EVALUATION AUDIT

The process undertaken to decide which level of environmental review a project requires.

It is simply a decision whether an EIA is required or not using prescribed lists or criteria
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In Philippines, projects considered environmentally critical area must undergo EIA ( Box 2-2)
Box 2-2: Screening Criteria for the Philippines. Philippine regulation require the operation of an Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) for environmentally critical projects and a Project Description (PD) for projects which impact environmentally critical areas. In 1970, the EIS was institutionalized by virtue of the Presidential Decree 1586.

Environmentally critical projects under Philip. Regulations include: Heavy industries Resource extraction Infrastructure projects Environmentally critical areas under Philip. national parks, watershed reserves, wildlife reserves and sanctuaries areas set aside aesthetically potential tourist spots habitats of endangered or threatened species of indigenous Philippine wildlife areas of unique archaeological or scientific interest

 areas frequently visited or hard hit of natural calamities including: typhoons, tsunamis, earthquakes, storm surges, and floods areas with critical slopes areas defined as prime agricultural land aquifers water bodies mangrove swamps coral reefs

 The process of determining the issues to be addressed, the information to be collected, and the analysis required to assess the environmental impact of the project The primary output of scoping is the terms of reference (TOR) required to conduct an EIA and to prepare an EIA report

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 The task of preparation is left to the proponent who normally contracts a team of EIA practitioners (EIA) to prepare the report then submitted to the review agency.
The scope and quality of EIA are dependent on the interplay of experts hired by the review agency and the EIA Team.

 The EIA team must work on proponents budget. In some process, scoping is conducted in the context on an Initial environmental examination (IEE).

 It is undertaken to determine the probable environmental impacts associated with project and ascertain whether full- scale EIA is required. Involves identifying potentially significant environmental issues and resolving those issues which are easily mitigated

1. Identify the nature and severity of specific, significant environmental issues associated with project 2. Identify easily implementable mitigative or offsetting measures for the significant environmental issues

 If the IEE shows that there are no significant environmental issues which need further study, then the IEE now as the final EIA report 3 Develop the TOR for the fullscale EIA study should more detailed assessment be needed, or any special topic reports which may be required

What is an EIA report?

What are the information in an EIA report? How does presented? the report
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 The interpretation of the EIA study, which is often done concurrently with estimating impacts. This is presented by the EIA practitioners

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I. II.

Detailed project justification Detailed environmental assessment information

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The problem or development goal The proposed solution Cooperation amongst donors, lenders, and the developing country The objectives of the assessment Legal policy consideration The institutional capacity Alternatives to the project and within the project Institutional cooperation Public involvment
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The following information is to be collected during the early stages of the project formulation prior to the conduct of the feasibility study

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A project description A description of the environment Information quality Positive impacts Negative impacts on:
natural resources human resources resettlement and compensation cumulative impacts trans- boundary impacts impact significance

Mitigation measures An environmental management plan An environmental monitoring plan

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1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

Introduction Description of the Project Description of the Environment Anticipated Environmental Impacts Mitigation measures Alternatives Environmental Monitoring Additional Studies Environmental Management Plan Summary and Conclusions Annexes

And

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 Different jurisdictions use different arrangements for the review of projects. Often EIA reports are reviewed by a review agency or by a special Standing Committee or Commission established to review projects in a given sector
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 In most cases, a technical evaluation of the EIA report is made by specialists. This technical evaluation provides the basis for the review. The output of the review is either a rejection of the project, or an approval report outlining terms and conditions under which the project may proceed.
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 These terms and conditions are attached to any license, permit, or certificate issued by the approval authority. IAAs like the ADB and the World Bank also use experts for the review and evaluation of EIA reports submitted to them as part of their environmental assessment requirements.
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Country

Main Oversight Agency

EIA Preparer

Public Particip ation

Coordin ation with Local Authorit y

Penalty for Violatio n

Bangladesh Peoples Republic of China India

Ministry of Environment and Forests National Environmental Protection Agency Department of Environment within the Ministry of Environment BAPEDAL Environmental Impact Management Agency within the Ministry of the Environment

Project Proponent Project Proponent Project Proponent Project Proponent

No Yes,

No Yes

No Yes

Limited

Yes

No

Indonesia

Limited

Yes

No

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Lao PDR
Malaysia

If EIS conducted, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry

Department of Environment within the Ministry of Science, Technology and Environment Project Proponent Yes, Yes Yes

Philippines

Environmental Management Bureau of Department of Environment and Natural Resources

Ministry of Science, Technology and Environment

Project Proponent

Yes

Yes

Thailand

Project Proponent

Yes

Yes

Vietnam

National Environment Agency within the Ministry of Science, Technology and Environment

Project Proponent

No

Yes

No

 In most cases, the results of an EIA review are provided to the agency that is responsible for ultimately approving the proposed project. In many jurisdictions, project approval also depends on approval from the EIA agency. One output of the EIA review process is the terms and conditions that are attached to approvals.
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 These terms and conditions define the environmental protection measures that must be integrated into a project. The terms and conditions may also specify environmental monitoring that must be undertaken in conjunction with the project. For example, in the PRC, EPB (National Environmental Protection Agency for large projects) staff must inspect construction projects to ensure that the environmental protection measures are installed and operable prior to giving final clearance to the project.

 Environmental management is that part of project management that is responsible for implementation of mitigation measures and environmental monitoring. The environmental management plan outlines the mitigations and other measures that will be undertaken to ensure compliance with environmental laws and regulations, to reduce or eliminate adverse impacts, and to promote feasible environmental enhancement measures.
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 The environmental monitoring plan outlines the objectives of the monitoring; the specific information to be collected; the data collection program, including sampling design; and monitoring program management. Environmental management includes assigning institutional responsibility, reporting requirements, enforcement capability, and ensuring that adequate resources are provided in terms of funds, skilled staff, equipment, and supplementary training.
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 Most EIA processes recognize the need for follow-up and evaluation. Follow-up is required to determine whether the environmental protection measures and monitoring programs that were conditions of project approval have been undertaken as required. Further followup is required to determine if the environmental protection measures were successful and if the monitoring data have been analyzed and acted upon.

 1977 PD 1151 Philippine Environmental Policy

Required sponsors of all government and private projects affecting the quality of the environment to prepare an assessment of the projects environmental impacts.

1977 PD 1152 Philippine Environmental Code

Required all land use management regulating or enforcing agencies to consider significant environmental impacts, as well as other aspects of locating industries.

 1978 PD 1586 Philippine EIA System

Centralized the EIS System under the (then) National Environmental Protection Council (NEPC), and authorized the President and the NEPC to proclaim projects and activities subject to the EIS system; placed PAB (created by PD 984) under NEPC

1979 IRR-PD 1586

Defined the parameters for EIS; established penalty structures for non-compliance; created the EIA review committee; set the procedures for implementing the EIS system; provided for exempt-ions, & established procedures for public hearings related to an EIS.

 1981 PP 2146 ECAs and ECPs

Proclaimed certain areas and types of projects as environmentally critical (ECAs & ECPs) and within the scope of the EIS system

1983 NEPC Office Circular No.3

Provided a technical definition and scope for environmentally critical projects and areas

1984 Revision of IRR-PD 1586 (1st Change)

Limited the EIS to ECPs; set the requirements for ECAs; established fee structures & compliance monitoring system; called for closure of ECPs operating without ECC; authorized the NEPC to cancel an ECC for grantees violations of conditions or other standards & rules and regulations

 1987 EO 192 DENR Reorganization

Established the central & regional structure of DENR, including EMB; abolished the NEPC & transferred its powers & functions to EMB; PAB placed under the administrative jurisdiction of DENR

1992 DENR DAO 21 Amending IRR-PD1586

(2nd Change)
Decentralized certain EIA functions to DENR regional offices; defined the need for public hearings; established the concept of multi-sectorial monitoring team and Environmental Guarantee Fund

 1991-92 RA 7160; IRR

Local Govt Code

Transferred certain environmental functions to LGUs and provided for the position of ENROs in provinces, cities and municipalities

1992 DENR DAO 30 Amending IRR-PD1586

(3rd Change)
Assigned to LGUs the functions of issuing ECCs and adjudicating cases involving envl complaints against small projects and businesses (i.e., Kalakalan 20)

1996 DENR DAO 37

Set the operational details on implementing the EIS system

 1997 DAO 16 Programmatic EIA

Limited application; only 3 attempts (Limay, PHIVEDEC, Agusan)

2002 EO 42
Set the legal basis for DENRs administrative and technical actions to respond to issues emerging from the implementation of DAO 96-37