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Guidelines For Piping Design
Guidelines For Piping Design
Guidelines For Piping Design
Thomas Xavier
Sr Mechanical Engineer
December 12, 2007
Piping Components
Piping Material Piping Codes and Standards Piping Layout Piping Design bases
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Introduction
Introduction
Piping system are like arteries and veins of our bodies. They carry the life blood of the modern civilization In a modern city they transport water, waste water, crude oil, natural gas, chemicals, gases, vapors, solids from one location to another. Piping includes pipes, flanges, fittings, bolting, gaskets, valves, pipe supports, pipe hangers, and other items necessary to prevent over pressurization and over stressing. Define Piping : ?
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Pipe size
NPS Nominal pipe size, without the inch symbol DN- Diameter nominal Up to size 12 inch the outside diameter is less than the size designator (i.e. 2,3,4,6....). Outside diameter of NPS 14 and larger pipe is the same as the size designator in inches.
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The inside diameter will depend upon the pipe wall thickness specified by the schedule number
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Schedule is expressed in numbers (5,5S,10,10S,20,20S,30,30S,40,40S,60,80,80 S,100,120,140,160) The higher the schedule number the thicker the pipe is. The outside diam is standardized and the inside diam will change based on the thickness. The inside diameter will depend upon the pipe wall thickness specified by the schedule number
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Piping Components
Piping components The term piping refers to the overall network of pipes, fittings, flanges, valves and other components that comprise a conduit system used to convey fluids. Piping components plays a important role in the composition and operation of the system.
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Piping components
Pressure Pipe
Steel and alloy pressure piping available in cast, wrought, seamless and seam welded forms.
Welded and seamless wrought steel pipe is supplied under ASME B36.10M. SS pipe is supplied conforming to ASME B36.19M
Ductile and cast Iron fittings Cast Iron threaded fittings Malleable Iron Threaded fittings Cast Brass and Cast Bronze threaded fittings Soldered-joint fittings
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Piping components
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Piping components
Wrought steel butt welded fittings
Wrought-steel welding fittings include elbows, tees, crosses, reducers, laterals, lap joint stub ends, caps and saddles. Wrought steel fittings are made to the dimensional requirements of ASME B16.9 and ASME B16.28. Fittings made as per ASME B 16.9 is available in sizes NPS (DN 15) through NPS 48 (DN 1200) and as per ASME B 16.28 are available in sizes NPS to NPS 24.
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Piping components
Wrought steel butt welded fittings
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Piping components
Wrought steel butt welded fittings
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Piping components
Wrought steel butt welded fittings
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Piping components
Strainers
Wye strainer
Combination Valve
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Piping components
Expansion Joint
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Piping components
Flanges
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Piping components
Gaskets
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Piping components
Joining Ductile or Cast Iron Pipe
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Piping components
Joining Ductile or Cast Iron Pipe
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Stopping flow Allowing flow Regulating and controlling flow to fulfill the objectives of the system
Types of valves
Plug valve
Butterfly valve Diaphragm valve Pinch valve
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Piping components
Valves
Classification of valves based on Mechanical motion
Linear motion valves Gate, globe, diaphragm, pinch and lift check valves
Rotary motion valves - Butterfly, ball, plug, eccentric and swing check valves
Smaller valves NPS 2 (DN 65 and smaller Large valves- NPS 2 (DN 65) and larger
Pressure Temperature Rating Cold Working Pressure (CWP)Rating (29o C to 38oC ) NFPA Rating
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Piping components
Major Valve parts
Body Bonnet or Cover Bonnet or Cover Bolting Disc Valve Trim The removable and replaceable valve Internal parts that come in contact with flow medium
Valve seats, Disc, Glands, Spacers, Guides, Bushings & Internal springs
Non Pressure Retaining parts Valve seats, stem, yoke, packing, gland bolting, bushing, hand wheel, and valve actuators
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Flanged butterfly valve Rising stem Gate Valve NonRising stem Gate Valve
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Diaphragm valve
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Assist in operating of large valves Assist the operator in operating the valves against high fluid pressure To reduce the time required for operation Valve is required to operated from a remote location When the valve is to attain a position (open or close) in the event of accident
Types of Actuators
Gear Actuators When rim pull exceeds a given value varying between 50lb (22 kgf) to 250 lb (113 kgf) Electric Motor actuators
Pneumatic Actuator
Hydraulic Actuator Solenoid Actuator
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Piping Materials
Piping materials
Factors to be considered for selecting materials
Must be suitable for meeting the temperature and pressure safely during the design life.
Operating environmental conditions Cost Availability
Carbon and low alloy steel come closest to being the ideal construction material. Due to the fact that the majority of piping application employ iron based metals, these will be only emphasized in this presentation.
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Piping materials
Properties of Metal
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Piping materials
Chemical Properties of metal
Chemical properties are the dictated by the various elemental constituency of the solid. This is usually measured by the relative atomic weight percent of the various elements within the material Steel always contain Carbon, manganese, phosphorous, sulfur and silicon in varying amounts. Hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen enter as gases during manufacturing. To make steel nickel, copper, molybdenum, chromium, tin, antimony etc are added. Each of this addition causes a specific effect on the steel.
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Piping materials
Mechanical Properties of metal
Yield Strength
Ultimate Tensile Strength Elongation and Reduction of Area Hardness
Toughness
Fatigue resistance Elevated Temperature Tensile and Creep strength
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ASME B31.1, 31.2, 31.3, 31.4, 31.5, 31.8, 31.9 & 31.11
ASME performance test codes NFPA Codes International Plumbing Codes Uniform Plumbing Codes Local authority codes etc.
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American National Standard Institiute (ANSI) American Society for Testiing and Materials (ASTM) American Gas Association American Petroleum Institute (API) American Water Works Association (AWWA) American Welding Society (AWS) Air Conditioning and Refrigeration Institute American Society of Heating and Refrigerating and Air-conditioning Engineers (ASHRA) Institute of Electrical Engineers (IEEE) Instrument Society of America National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) Publications Indian (IS), British, German (DIN), Japanese (JIS), ISO standards etc.
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Piping Layout
Piping Layout
Piping layout consideration OR Hierarchy of Reference Design Information
System P&ID P&ID implementation and Physicalization Piping specification Equipment Outlines
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Piping Layout
Example : Piping of centrifugal pump
Piping of centrifugal pumps, particularly the suction piping, can seriously affect the operating efficiency and life expectancy of the pump. Problems like vibration, erosion cavitation out of balance conditions etc. Suction and discharge must be independently supported. Designer can consider use of expansion joints on either suction or discharge if required. Suction piping should not contain vertical loops or air pockets When reduction is required at pump suction use eccentric reducer flat side up. Provide at least 3 to 4 diameter of straight pipe between pump suction and first elbow for horizontal suction. Only long radius elbow to be used at or adjacent to any pump suction connection.
When pump flanges are cast iron flat faced, the mating flanges must also be flat faced and the joint made up with full face gaskets.
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Piping Layout
Example : Modern Piping Layout
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Physical attributes Size, layout, dimensional limits, dimensional standards, special design practices for configuration control ( weld joints, slope, plugging etc.) Loading and Service conditions
Loading conditions Dead weights, pressure changes, temperature changes, Snow loads, ice loads, wind loads, Earthquake loads Service conditions Combination of loads occurring simultaneously ( Water hammer, Relief valve discharge loads, Acoustically induced vibration loads Corrosion/ erosion Flow assisted corrosion
Environmental Factors
Material related considerations Pressure integrity Leak tight condition in piping systems
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The detailed fluid flow design of a piping system requires the consideration of a number fluid parameters including flow rate, viscosity, density and pipe wall frictional drag
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From minimum inside diameter select the Outside diameter from standards. Based on fluid service suitable piping material required to be found (strength allowances, corrosion, erosion allowances, joining) As per code calculate the required minimum wall thickness. Select an appropriate nominal wall thickness from standard (i.e. schedule) Confirm the standard manufacturing tolerance will not reduce the nominal wall thickness Confirm that the inside diam of the pipe is compatible with the minimum inside diameter requirements obtained from the fluid flow evaluation.
3. 4. 5.
6.
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Questions ???
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Thank You
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