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Investment Materials
Phosphate bonded investments - Composition - Setting reaction - Setting & thermal expansion - Working & Setting time - Advantages & disadvantages Ethyl silicate bonded investments - Composition - Advantages & disadvantages Lost wax technique Ringless casting system Die stone investment combination Casting ring liner Hygroscopic thermal gold casting investments Soldering investments Investments for all- ceramic restorations Investment of titanium & titanium based alloys Review of Literature Summary & Conclusion References
All such casting operations involve :1) A wax pattern of the object to be reproduced. 2) A suitable mold material known as investment, which is placed around the pattern & permitted to harden. 3) Suitable furnaces for burning out the wax patterns & heating the investment mold.
It is remarkable that the art of lost wax casting was so widely known in ancient times. It is not an easy process & calls for considerable skills in its execution. The Aztec gold-smiths of pre-Colombian Mexico used lost wax process to create much of their elaborate jewellery. In the city of Benin,now a part of Nigeria, the brass smiths continue to produce lost wax castings using a method passed down through the ages from one generation to the next. The brass cutters begin with a core of clay kneaded into a mass. They shape the clay into the approximate size & shape of the article to be made. These cores are then dried in sun for several days. The brass smith creates a pattern for the casting by covering one of these cores with beeswax.
EVOLUTION
After finishing the wax, it is covered in a thick coating of clay. The 1st layer is applied as a very fine slip. Before the pattern is fully sealed in the coating, a thin roll of wax is added to form a channel into which the molten metal will be poured. The thicker layer of clay is added for investing the form completely, creating a mold. This tech. was largely ignored by modern industry untill the dawn of the 20th century when it was rediscovered by the dental profession for producing crowns & inlays. The true significance of the use of investment casting in dentistry was not realised untill the research of Dr. William Taggart of Chicago was published in 1907. He described a tech., formulated a wax pattern compound of excellent properties, developed an investment material & also invented an air pressure casting machine.
In a solid mold technique, a wax sprue was placed in a steel casing & surrounded by a setting slurry. Drawbacks were, extremely long pre-heat, size limitations & poor dimensional tolerances. In 1538, molds for large statues were made which, if one desired to make them of bronze, are first made of wax by the ordinary procedure. In ordinary procedure, the the original model was created in wax. The image was then coated with the milky slurry of plaster, building up successive layers untill a strong shell enveloped the wax. Alternatively, the image could be dipped or invested in a bucketful of freshly mixed plaster which set up rock-hard in a very short time. After melting the wax & casting molten metal into the void, a perfect duplicate of the original pattern was created.
DEFINITION
material that is suitable for forming a mold into which a metal or alloy is cast. The operation of forming a mold is described as investing . The investment should be capable of reproducing the shape, size & details recorded in the wax pattern. The investment mold should be capable of maintaining its shape & integrity at elevated casting temperatures. The investment should have a sufficiently high value of compressive strength at the casting temp. so that it could withstand the stresses set up when the molten metal enters the mold.
COMPOSITION
In general, an investment is a mixture of 3 distinct types of materials:1) Refractory Material:- This material is usually a form of silicon dioxide such as:- Quartz - Tridymite - Cristobalite or a mixture of these.
2) Binder Material:- Since the refractory materials alone do not form a coherent solid mass, some kind of binder is needed. The common binders used for dental casting gold alloy is -CaSO4 hemihydrate. Phosphate, ethyl silicate & other similar materials also serve as binders for high- temperature casting investments. 3) Other Chemicals:- Chemicals such as NaCl, boric acid, potassium sulfate, graphite, copper powder or MgO are often added in small quantities to modify various physical properties.
In general, there are 3 types of investments materials available: 1) GYPSUM BONDED INVESTMENTS :For conventional casting of gold alloy inlays, onlays, crowns & FPDs. 2) PHOSPHATE BONDED INVESTMENTS:For metal ceramic restorations, for pressable ceramics & for base metal alloys. 3) ETHYL- SILICATE BONDED INVESTMENTS:For casting of removable partial dentures with base metal alloy.
CLASSIFICATION
The gypsum bonded investments are classified by the ISO(1990) as:TYPE 1:- Thermal expansion type. For casting inlays & crowns. TYPE 2:- Hygroscopic expansion type. For casting inlays & crowns. TYPE 3:- For casting complete & partial denture bases with gold alloys.
Essential ingredients of the dental inlay investment employed with the conventional gold casting alloys are - hemihydrate, allotropic forms of silica & chemical modifiers. 1) GYPSUM:- -hemihydrate acts as a binder to hold the ingredients together & to provide rigidity. - Most investments contain -hemihydrate because greater strength is obtained which depends on the amount of binder present. - 25% to 45% of -hemihydrate is present. - Used in casting gold alloys with melting ranges below 1000C. Above 1000C greater shrinkage & frequent fractures takes place.
COMPOSITION
- All forms of gypsum shrink after dehydration between 200C to 400C . - Slight expansion takes place between 400C & 700C. - A large contraction then occurs
.- Second shrinkage is most likely caused by:Decomposition The release of sulphur gases, such as SiO2. - This decomposition causes shrinkage & also contaminates the castings with the sulphides of nonnoble alloying elements, such as silver & copper. - Therefore, it is imperative that gypsum investments should not be heated above 700C. - For gypsum products containing carbon, the max. temp. should be 650C to obtain proper fit & uncontaminated alloys.
2) SILICA:- Present 55% to 75% & acts as a refractory material during the heating of the investment & regulates the thermal expansion. - If the proper form of silica is used in the investment, the contraction of gypsum during heating can be eliminated & changed to an expansion. - Silica exists in 4 allotropic forms:- Quartz - Cristobalite - Tridymite - Fused quartz - When quartz, cristobalite or tridymite is heated, a change in crystalline form occurs at a transition temp. characteristic of the particular form of silica.
-quartz, at a temp. of 575C(1067F). - Cristobalite undergoes an anologous transition between 200C & 270C from to form. - 2 inversions of Tridymite occurs at 117C & 163C respectively. - Density decreases as form changes to form, with a resulting increase in volume exhibited by a rapid increase in linear expansion. - Fused quartz is an amorphous & glasslike in character, & it exhibits no inversion at any temp. below its fusion point. It has low coefficient of thermal expansion & is of little use in dental investments.
- Quartz, cristobalite or a combination of the 2 forms may be used in a dental investment. - On the basis of the type of silica employed,dental investments are classified as:Quartz investment Cristobalite investment
EFFECT OF VARYING COMPOSITION:- Increasing the proportion of silica in the investment powder increases the manipulation time, initial setting time, setting expansion both in air & water & thermal expansion & decreases the compressive strength. - The rate of setting reaction is unchanged. - The increase in manipulation & setting time occurs because the particles of the refractory filler, interfere with the interlocking of the growing gypsum crystals & making this less effective in developing a solid structure. The compressive strength of the investment is reduced for the same reason.
- The setting expansion is increased when interlocking of the growing gypsum crystals is inhibited by the refractory particles, because more of the crystal growth is directed outwards. - The thermal expansion is increased, since increasing the proportion of the expanding component increases the observed expansion.
3) MODIFIERS:- Consists of:a) Modifying Agents:- They regulate the setting expansion & setting time & also prevent most of the shrinkage of gypsum, when it is heated above 300C, eg. Boric acid, NaCl. b) Coloring agents c) Reducing agents:- They are used in some investments to provide a non- oxidizing atmosphere in the mold when the gold alloy is cast. eg. Carbon, powdered graphite or powdered copper.
EFFECTS OF MODIFYING AGENTS:In 1982 & 1986 studies were done by Mori T. on the thermal behaviour of gypsum binder in dental casting investments & effect of boric acid on the thermal behaviour of this binder was found & he said that All of these act mainly by reducing 2 large contractions of gypsum binder that occur on heating to temp. above 300C. - Boric Acid:- When heated above 150C, it forms a viscous liquid. This viscous liquid retards the evaporation of water i.e. delay transformation of CaSO4. The presence of the viscous liquid phase, also reduces the high temp. contraction that results from sintering.
- The presence of modifiers added to increase the thermal expansion also affects the strength changes of the investment that occur on heating, because of their effect on the CaSO4 binder. Ohno et. al. has done a study in 1982 on the effect of phase transformations of silicas & CaSO4 on the compressive strength of gypsum bonded investments at high temp. & they said that:1) On heating GBI without these additives, show a rapid increase in compressive strength of about 100% in the range of 100C to 175C on drying. 2) Between 175C - 225C there is decrease in compressive strength, because of the dehydration reaction.
3) Relatively minor strength fluctuations occur during subsequent heating to higher temp. because of:-Further phase changes in the binder. - inversion of the refractory. - Sintering of the binders. - These investments are heated to temp. in the range of 670C- 700C & show compressive strength changes ranging from +10% to -40%. - Investments containing boric acid, when heated to the same temp. range show increase in compressive strength ranging from +40% to +50%.
SETTING TIME
Setting time measured & controlled in the same manner as plaster. According to ADA/ANSI specification no. 2 for dental inlay casting investment, the setting time should not be < 5 min. or >25 min. Usually, the modern inlay investments set initially in 9 to 18 min. Sufficient time should be allowed for mixing & investing the pattern before the investment sets.
physical dimensions of an investment caused by chemical reactions that occur during hardening to form a rigid structure. PURPOSE:- To aid in enlarging of the mold, to compensate partially for the casting shrinkage of the mold. Regardless of the type of gypsum product used, an expansion of the mass can be detected during the change from hemihydrate to dihydrate. A mixture of silica & gypsum hemihydrate results in setting expansion greater than that of the gypsum product when it is used alone.
The ADA Specification no. 2 for Type 1 investment permits a maxi. setting expansionin airof only 0.6%. The setting expansion of modern investments is 0.4%. The setting expansion of an investment with a comparatively high gypsum content is more effective in enlarging the mold than with a low gypsum content.
compensate for the casting shrinkage of the gold alloy The HSE differs from the NSE in that, it occurs when gypsum is allowed to set under or in contact with water & that it is greater in magnitude than NSE. The HSE may be 6 or more times the NSE of a dental investment.
1) Effect of Composition:-
HSE.
2) 3)
4)
5)
6)
7) Effect of the amount of added water:HSE amount of water added 8) Water bath Temperature:9) Effect of Particle size of Silica:- Particle size affects the smoothness of the mold cavity surface & the inherent porosity of the mold. Finer particles of silica ensures smooth mold surface & smooth casting.
set investment due to temp. increase during burnout. The expansion of a gypsum bonded investment is directly related to the amount of silica present & to the type of silica employed. A considerable amount of quartz is necessary to counterbalance the contraction of the gypsum during heating. The thermal expansion of quartz investment are influenced by:- The particle size of the quartz. - Type of gypsum binder - W:P ratio
THERMAL EXPANSION
Since greater expansion occurs during the inversion of the crystobalite, the normal contraction of the gypsum during heating is easily eliminated. According to ADA/ANSI Specification no. 2 for Type 1 investment which rely on the thermal expansion for compensation, the thermal expansion must not be <1% nor >1.6%. For Type 2 investment, which rely on hygroscopic expansion for compensation of the contraction of the gold alloy, the thermal expansion be between 0% & 0.6% at 500C .
2) Effect of Chemical Modifiers:- A disadvantage of an investment that contains sufficient silica to prevent any contraction during heating is the weakening effect of silica. - The addition of small amount of Na, K or Lithium chloride to the investment eliminates the contraction caused by the gypsum & increases the expansion. - Boric acid similar effect. It hardens set investment, but, it disintegrates during the heating of the investment & a roughened surface of the casting may result. - Silicas do not prevent gypsum shrinkage but counterbalance it, whereas chlorides reduce gypsum shrinkage below temp. of 700C.
CONTROL OF EXPANSION
1) Composition:- By the choice of refractory & binder
& by the use of certain additives. 2) W:P ratio:- W:P ratio Setting expansion & Thermal expansion. 3) Period of exposure to water:- In hygroscopic expansion techniques, additional control can be obtained by varying the length of time the setting investment is exposed to an aqueous environment.
When an investment is cooled from 700C, its contraction curve follows the expansion curve during the inversion of the -quartz or -cristobalite to its stable form at room temp. The investment contracts to less than its original dimension, because of the shrinkage of gypsum when it is first heated. If the investment is reheated, it expands thermally to the same, maxi. reached when it is 1st heated. In practice, the investment should not be heated a second time, since internal cracks may develop which affect the quality of the casting.
The strength of an investment increases rapidly as the material hardens after initial setting time. The free water content of the set product affects its strength. 2 strengths of a gypsum product are:1) Wet Strength 2) Dry Strength The dry strength is 2 or more times the wet strength. The strength of an investment must be adequate to prevent fracture or chipping of the mold during heating & casting of the gold alloy. The strength of an investment is measured in terms of its compressive strength which should not be too high.
STRENGTH
The compressive strength is increased according to 1) Type & amount of gypsum binder present 2) Use of chemical modifiers. According to ADA Specification no. 2, the compressive strength for the inlay investment should not be less than 2.4MPa when tested 2hrs after setting.
1) W:P ratio:-
W:P ratio Porosity CS & TS. 2) Heating the investment to 700C may / the strength as much as 65%, depending on the composition. 3) After the investment has cooled to room temp., its strength decreases considerably, because of the fine cracks that form during cooling. 4) The addition of an accelerator or retarder lowers both the wet & dry strength.
Phosphate bonded investments are of 2 types:1) Type 1- For crowns, inlays & other fixed restorations. 2) Type 2- For partial denture & other cast removable
restorations.
Consists of :1) Filler:- The filler is silica, in the form of Cristobalite, Quartz, or a mixture of the two and in a concentration of approx 80%. - Purpose:- To provide high temp. thermal shock resistance & a high thermal expansion. 2) Binder:- It is less than 20%. -The binder consists of magnesium oxide and a phosphate that is acid in nature. - MgO reacts with the filler at room temp.
COMPOSITION
3) Colloidal Silica Liquid Suspensions:- The colloidal silica suspensions are used with the phosphate investments in place of water to compensate for the greater contraction of the high fusing alloys during solidification, as it increases the setting expansion of the investment. - For base metal alloys, a 33% dilution of the colloidal silica is required.
4) Carbon:- It is often added to the powder to produce clean castings to facilitate the divesting of the casting from the mold. - This is appropriate if the casting alloy is gold. - The latest evidence indicates that palladium does react with carbon at temperature above 1504C. Thus, if the temperature exceeds this temperature during casting, a carbon free investment should be used.
SETTING REACTION
- Magnesium ammonium phosphate formed is polymeric. Although the stoichiometric quantities are equal molecules of magnesia and monoammonium phosphate, an excess of magnesia is usually present, and some of it is never fully reacted. - On heating, the binder of the set investment undergoes thermal reactions.
They have both green strength & fired strength.This makes them easy to handle without breaking before they are placed in a furnace for wax burnout & strong enough afterwards to withstand the impact & pressure of centrifugally cast molten alloy. They can provide setting & thermal expansion high enough to compensate for the thermal contraction of cast metal prosthesis or porcelain veneers during cooling. They have the ability to withstand the burnout process with temp. that reach 900C. They can withstand temp. upto 1000C for short periods.
ADVANTAGES
DISADVANTAGES
When used with higher melting alloys i.e. those with casting temp. greater than 1375C, these investments are at a disadvantage. These temp. coupled with high mold temp., result in mold breakdown & rougher surkace on castings. The high strength of these investments can make removal of the casting from the investment difficult. When higher expansion is required, more of the silica liquid is used with the result that a more dense & less porous mold is produced. This can result in incomplete castings if a release of trapped gases is not provided.
Binder is a silica gel that reverts to silica on heating. Several methods may be used to produce the silica or silicic acid gel binders:- When the pH of sodium silicate is lowered by the addition of an acid or an acid salt, a binding silicic acid gel forms. - An aqueous suspension of colloidal silica can be converted to a gel by the addition of an accelerator, such as ammonium chloride. - Another system for binder formation is based on ethyl silicate. A colloidal silicic acid is formed by hydrolyzing ethyl silicate in the presence of hydrochloric acid, ethyl alcohol and water. Si(OC2H5)4 + 4H2O Si(OH)4 + 4C2H5OH
A polymerised form of ethyl silicate is used, to form a colloidal sol of polysilicic acid. The sol is then mixed with the quartz or cristobalite, to which is added a small amount of finely powdered MgO to make the mixture alkaline. A coherent gel of polysilicic acid then forms, accompanied by a setting shrinkage. The soft gel is then dried at temp. below 168C. During drying process the gel loses alcohol & water to form a concentrated, hard gel.
A volumetric contraction accompanies the drying which reduces the size of the mold. This contraction is known as green shrinkage and it occurs in addition to the setting shrinkage. Investments of this type are designed to reduce the layer of silica gel around the particles. This type of investment can be heated between 1090C to 1180C and is compatible with the higher fusing alloys.
ADVANTAGES
The investments have the ability to cast high temp. cobalt- chromium & nickel- chromium alloys & good surface finish, low distortion & high thermal expansion. They are less dense than PBI & thin sections with fine details can be reproduced. The low fired strength makes removal of casting from investment easier than with PBI.
DISADVANTAGE
Added processing attention & extra precaution needed in handling the low strength fired molds. The low strength & high thermal expansion requires a more precise burnout process & firing schedule to avoid cracking.
5) SOLDERING/BRAZING INVESTMENTS
When soldering the parts of a restoration, such as clasps on a RPD, the parts must be surrounded with a suitable ceramic or investment material before the heating operation. The assembled parts are temporarily held together with sticky wax until they are surrounded with the appropriate investment material, after which the wax is softened & removed. The portion to be soldered is left exposed & free from investment to permit wax removal & effective heating before it is joined with solder.
2 types of brazing investments are:- Type 1- Gypsum bonded dental brazing investments - Type 2- Phosphate bonded dental brazing investments. The investment for soldering is similar to casting investment. They are designed to have lower setting & thermal expansions than casting investments, a feature that is desirable so that the assembled parts do not shift in position during the setting & heating of the investment.
Then, the porcelain or other ceramic powders are added to the die surface & fired. These materials must accurately reproduce the impression, remain undamaged during the porcelain firing & have a thermal expansion compatible with that of ceramic, otherwise the ceramic could crack during cooling. These materials are also phosphate bonded & they generally contain fine grained refractory fillers to allow accurate reproduction of detail.
Hence, modification in the existing refractory formulation & binder or new refractory formulations & binder systems are required.
COMPOSITION:- These investments can be classified as:1) Phosphate bonded 2) Ethyl silicate bonded 3) Cemented
PROPERTIES:- The properties are at most same as conventional PBI or SBI. - The main objective of the different refractory compositions & binders is to reduce the breakdown of the investment & the contamination of Ti. - One approach of reducing the reaction of Ti with the investment by employing models that have been expanded by the burnout process & then cooled back to near ambient temp. prior to casting process. - This reduces the time that the alloy is in contact with the mold at elevated temp., & the overall reactivity is reduced. In order to avoid the contamination of Ti by oxygen through the reduction of refractory oxides of the investment, refractory materials that are less easily reduced by Ti should be used.
PHOSPHATE BONDED TITANIUM INVESTMENT:- To achieve expansion without the use of reactive powders, a PBI that contains both magnesia & alumina as refractories was developed. - This investment can achieve large expansion by the reaction of alumina & magnesia, when it is burned out at 1150C - 1200C .
ETHYL- SILICATE BONDED INVESTMENT:- Reactions of ethyl silicate bonded investments with the liquid Ti has been reported to be somewhat less than that of PBI. - This is due to the use of highly refractory oxides in the powder. But these investments require more complex procedure for their use.
CEMENTED TITANIUM INVESTMENT:- This investment use magnesia bonded by an aluminous cement(CaO-Al2O3) & contains 5% zirconium powder by weight. - The aluminous cement serves as binder for the magnesia refractory & it sets by mixing with water. - Oxidation of the zirconium powder to zirconia during the burnout process provides irreversible expansion to compensate for the shrinkage of the casting during cooling from the solidification temp. - The zirconia formed is highly stable & it does not contaminate Ti. Ti castings from this investment had smooth surface, free of contamination fron the mold reaction.
K. Asgars, D.B. Mahler & F.A. Peyton, 1955, investigated a hygroscopic technique for inlay casting using controlled water additions. A technique & equipment for this particular technique was described by them. They concluded that:- The av. Deviation of expansion values resulting from controlled water additions was significantly less(0.1%) than that for complete immersion(0.3%). - The hygroscopic expansion for an av. mix was higher than for a thinner mix & the expansion reduced with the no. of spatulation turns within limits. - The expansion for a new investment was significantly higher than for an aged one.
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
A study conducted in under the able guidance of DR. N.P.PATIL Sir, in 1998, evaluated the influence of cast hardening agents on surface abrasion, surface hardness & surface detail reproduction properties of refractory investment materials. It was concluded that:- Surface abrasion resistance improved significantly using hardening agents. - However the surface reproducibility was reduced with both treated & untreated samples when compared with a steel model.
Junzo Takahashi, Masayuki Okazaki,1999, conducted a study with the purpose of measuring the internal setting expansion of PBI & assessed the effect that different pattern materials may have on internal setting expansion. They concluded that vertical setting expansion was higher than the horizontal setting expansion & regardless of the type of pattern material, a PBI caused non uniform setting expansion, especially in horizontal direction, which lead to the distortion of the pattern.
C.L. Chew, M.F. Land, 1999, conducted a study with the purpose of evaluating & comparing the compressive strength characteristics of phosphate bonded v/s gypsum bonded investments. They also investigated if these values changed as a function of time & temp. It was concluded that at elevated temp., all materials approximated peak strength 2hrs after initial mixing.There was no significant difference in their strengths at room temp. However, the PBI exhibited significantly increased compressive strength as a function of time & temp.
A study conducted under the DR. N.P.PATIL Sir, in 2001 evaluated the fit of commercially pure titanium cast copings using 3 different investment materials (Titec, Rematitan plus, Tycast) . It was concluded that the percentage thermal expansion was significantly higher for Tycast resulting in a corresponding increase in discrepancy in marginal fit & internal surface adaptation. It was hence recommended that Titec & Rematitan should be preffered over Tycast.
DIE MATERIALS
INTRODUCTION :
Die is the positive reproduction of the form of a prepared tooth in any suitable substance. A die must be an accurate reproduction of the prepared tooth both in dimensions and surface details. It must represent all of the prepared surfaces, including the margins and a reasonable amount of the uncut apical position of the tooth.
Dense
Hard
Capable of being used in the production of wax patterns and in the fitting and finishing of castings without undue risk of damage to its surface.
inconvenient
Difficult Time consuming Virtually impossible, practically all wax patterns are made in the laboratory with the indirect technique.
1. Die material should be compatible with the impression materials. 2. Dimensional accuracy and stability material should remain dimensionally stable on storage.
reproduce fine detail and sharp margins is essential. 4. Mechanical properties High strength is important.
5. Color-Good color contrast materials being used. with other
CLASSIFICATION OF DIE MATERIALS : 1. Inorganic materials a. Die stone, based on calcium sulfate hemihydrate Eg. Velmix b. Dental cement zinc silicophosphate c. Ceramic materials, fired at 6000C. 2. Metallic materials
a. Dental amalgam
b. Metal sprayed dies (Bismuth-tin alloy) c. Electroplated dies i. Copper plated
3. Polymeric materials
a. Auto-polymerizing acrylic b. Other resins which polymerize at room temperature.
Two sources i) mineral gypsum, ii) by-product of other industries Calcium sulfate dihydrate : CaSO4.2H2O (Gypsum)
Calcium sulphate hemihydrate (sometimes called densite; similar to autoclaved material (CaSO4)2 H2O
Calcium sulfate hemihydrate CaSO4. H2O Heat at < 2000C Hexagonal calcium sulfate; soluble anhydrite Heat at > 2000C Orthorhombic calcium sulfate, insoluble anhydrite
Dental gypsum products are available in 5 forms (ADA Types I to V) Type I Impression plaster Type II Model plaster Type III Dental stone (Class I stone or Hydrocal)
*Inexpensive ADVANTAGES *Easy to use *Compatible with all impression materials. Disadvantage * Susceptibility to abrasion during the carving of the wax pattern.
DIE STONE
In this the die material and the investing medium have a comparable composition. A commercial gypsum bonded material called divestment is mixed with a colloidal silica liquid.
The die is made from this mix and the wax pattern is constructed on it.
Detail reproduction, contact angle and die hardness of elastomeric impression and gypsum die material combinations.
This study compared the surface detail parameters, interfacial contact angle and die hardness for some combinations of polyvinyl siloxanes, polyether, polysulfide and reversible hydrocolloid impression materials and type IV, Type V and resin reinforced type IV stone.
that are less scratch resistant on the surface than the type IV
die stone used in this study. 3. No overall combination of die and impression materials was identified as superior to another for all of the surface properties studied.
High strength,
Hardness Abrasion resistance. The time required to produce a cohesive film of metal typically 8 hrs
ELECTROLYTIC CELL
1. Because of their low energies, silicone impression materials are difficult to electroplate evenly. 2. Polyether impressions, because of their hydrophilic nature, imbibe water and become distorted. 3. Polysulfide polymers can be silver plated, but it is more difficult to copper plate them. The
The first step in the procedure is to treat the surface of the impression material so that it conducts electricity.
This process is referred to as METALLIZING. In this process, a thin layer of metal, such as silver is deposited on the surface of the impression material.
Anode is the metal to be deposited either silver or copper Anode and cathode holder. Electrolyte is the solution through which the electric current is passed. The ions are deposited from the anode to the cathode.
COMPOSITION OF ELECTROPLATING BATH : Copper : Copper sulfate (crystals) 200g Sulfuric acid (concentrated) 30 ml Phenosulfonic acid 2 ml Water (distilled) 1000 ml
Silver :
Silver cyanide 36g Potassium cyanide 60 g Potassium carbonate 45g Water (distilled) 1000ml
5. AMMETER :- The current passed is of 10ma / tooth area for 12 hrs. It should not exceed 50ma.
6. Plating tank glass or hard rubber with well fitting cover to prevent evaporation.
PROCEDURE :
a) Copper plating : * The surface of the impression is rendered conductive by coating it with fine particles of copper or graphite.
* The coated impression is made the cathode (negative electrode) of a plating bath, with an anode (positive electrode) of copper.
* A current is passed, causing slow dissolution of the anode and movement of copper ions from anode to cathode, so plating the impression.
5. Dental stone is then cast into the plated impression. 6. The technique is often not considered suitable for the elastomeric materials. b) Silver plating :
Polysulfide and silicone impression materials can be silver plated by the same general technique except
1) The impression is coated with silver or graphite powder. 2) The anode is silver.
Exhausted solution
Over concentrated solution Metal anode too small
POLYMERIC MATERIALS : Auto-polymerising acrylic : Although self-cure acrylic polymers are often recommended for use as die materials, Disadvantages. The monomer reacts with all except silicone impression materials. The heat of reaction distorts thermoplastic materials. There is a large percentage of monomer and the resultant volumetric contraction makes the material unsuitable as a die material.
Recently fast-setting epoxy materials have been supplied in automixing systems similar to those for automixing addition silicones.
Common brands
polyroqq
PROPERTIES :
1)Set within an hour to become rigid, abrasion-resistant solids. 2)Show some shrinkage on polymerization . 3)Epoxy resins react impression materials. with polysulfide
Advantages : Rapid Set More abrasion resistant Not as brittle as die stones
Disadvantage:
Shrinkage on polymerization may be a source of inaccuracy fillers reduce this shrinkage.
DIE MATERIALS
Advantages
ADA type IV stone 1)Dimensional accuracy 2)Straight forward technique 3)Low cost 4)Straight forward-inoffice procedure
Precautions
1)Accurate proportioning essential 2) Vacuum mix recommended 1)Accurate proportioning essential 2)Vacuum mix recommended
1) Straight forward 1) Increased technique expansion 2) Low cost 3) Straight forward inoffice procedure 4) Harder than type IV
Advantages
Disadvantages
Epoxy resin
1) High strength
Electropl 1) High strength 1) Time consuming ating 2) Good abrasion 2) Special resistance equipment needed
Study of the physical properties of type IV gypsum, resincontaining and epoxy die materials . JPD 2000 Apr; 83 (4): 466-73.
All gypsum products expanded, whereas the epoxy resin material contracted during setting. The epoxy resin exhibited much better detail reproduction, abrasion resistance and transverse strength than the gypsum materials.
A conventional type IV gypsum exhibited the highest surface hardness whereas the epoxy resin had the lowest value. The resin-modified gypsum products were not significantly superior to the conventional type IV gypsum die materials.
Zinc silicophosphate cement : This die material consists of a combination of zinc phosphate and silicate cement a) Powder Zinc oxide is the principal constituent MgO may be present upto 10% Very small quantities of other oxides or metallic salts (eg. fluorides) may be present.
MANIPULATION :
a) Mixing by hand : Use a thick glass slab : Steel spatulas should not be used.
The correct P/L ratio is important. A typical P/L ratio is 1.6g / 0.4ml mixing should be complete within 1 min.
Unreacted glass particles. These are sheathed by a surface layer of siliceous gel and
They are embedded in a largely amorphous gel, where Al phosphate is the essential binding agent.
Advantages : Harder than die stone May be used with all impression materials Detail is good
Disadvantage
* Shrinkage on setting, loss of water on standing. * It is a rather brittle material and readily fractured in thin sections.
Metal Spraying : Many alloys or metals can be melted and dispersed in fine droplets with an oxyacetylene or other flame.
These fine particles of molten metal or alloy can be sprayed on to many impression materials without burning.
> A metal coated die can be obtained rapidly. > Accuracy is good. Disadvantages : * The alloy is rather soft; care is needed to prevent abrasion of the die * Special equipment is needed. * A face mask must be worn to prevent inhalation of the fine spray of metal.
AMALGAM : Silver-tin or copper amalgam may be packed into rigid impression materials such as compound. ADVANTAGES Dimensional Accuracy is good.
DISADVANTAGES
There is a delay of some 10-12 hours before the die is sufficiently hard to be used..
Application
Used to make provisional restorations or indirect
Advantages
More rapidly setting Ease of removal of the provisional or inlay..
Marginal adaptation of indirect composite inlays fabricated on flexible dies. JPD 2000 Mar;Vol 83 No.: 3 pp: 306-13. Material used were ; 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) Condensation silicone / poly vinyl siloxane Wash viscosity PVS/medium or heavy viscosity PVS Irreversible hydrocolloid / medium viscosity PVS Wash viscosity PVS / polyether Control system wash viscosity PVS and type IV stone die.
Epoxy resin
The purpose of this pilot study is to test the compatibility of four light-bodied polysiloxane impression materials with 11 different die stones. All 11 die stones and polysiloxane impression combinations performed within the 20m ADA standard.
DIE SYSTEMS : Available methods of cast and die systems : 2 basic working cast and die system.
The working cast with a separate die is the simplest means of fabricating a working cast and die.
Because the gingival tissue and other landmarks are intact, it is easier to obtain physiologically harmonious restoration contours when fabricating the wax pattern.
Disadvantages of this system : The wax pattern must be transferred from one to another cast. In the process there may be destroy some of the internal adaptation of the wax pattern. The working cast and the sectional cast for the die can be obtained from by pouring an elastomeric full-arch impression twice or more.
If a double pour is used, the first cast is usually more accurate than the second is (larger than the first). It may be difficult to transfer complex or fragile wax pattern from cast to die. This technique can be used only with elastomeric impressions.
IMPRESSION POURING : High-strength type IV (class II, Densite) or high-strength, high-expansion type V stones should be used for fabricating the die. An impression should be washed under cold running tap water, to remove mucous and saliva that may cover it, before disinfecting it in an appropriate solution.
Stone is added to the impression so that the base of set stone will be 1 inch thick
DIE PREPARATION :
Trim the cast from which the die is made on a model trimmer to removal all excess stone around the prepared tooth.
The handle of the die should be slightly larger in diameter than the preparation and octagonal in cross section.
A properly trimmed die handle is slightly Improperly trimmed die with a handle that larger in diameter than the preparation meets the preparation at an angle
Use a pear-shaped acrylic bur to trim the die apical to the finish line of the preparation.
The area apical to the finish line should be smoothed and made free of ridges with the discoid end of a Tanner carver.
Shaping of the die handle near the finish line is completed with a scalpel
After the die has been trimmed, the finish line should be highlighted with a sharp colorbrite red pencil. A black, graphite pencil should not be used for this purpose. Relief should be applied to the preparation area of the die to provide space for cement. Enamels and lacquers have been used for this purpose.
The die is smoothed below the finish line with the discoid end of a tanner carver
The preparation finish line on the die should be outlined with a red pencil
pattern.
The thickness of cyanoacrylates at the finish
Dies that can be removed from the working cast have become very popular.
They are convenient to use If removable die system is used, it should satisfy the following requirements.
Disadvantages of the removable die system : 1. Risk of introducing an error in the pattern if the die does not reseat accurately in the working cast. 2. Interproximal margins can easily be damaged during the sawing procedure.
The brass dowel pin is one of the most accurate dowel types in terms of resisting horizontal displacement
And the second lowest in vertical deviation of four types of removable dies. A dowel pin is positioned over each prepared tooth in the impression.
Dowel pins are positioned over the impression with bobby pins
Paper clips are added to nonremovable parts of the unset first pour to provide retention
A wet paper towel can be used to fill in the open, center portion of the impression
Dies are separated from the rest of the cast with a fine saw
Ends of the dowel pins are tapped to loosen the dies from the cast
Mounted casts
CURVED DOWEL PIN : Curved dowels can be incorporated into a working cast by fixing the dowels to
faciolingually, hold the assembly so that the head of the dowel extends 1.0 to 2.0 mm into the impression of the prepared tooth.
Depressions are made about 2.0 mm deep on either side of the dowels
Boxing wax is placed around the impression, with the tips of the dowels sticking through
The head of a curved dowel is seated into the cement lined hole
A curved dowel is cemented into each removable part of the working cast
PINDEX SYSTEM : In the pindex system a reverse drill press is used to create a master cast with dies that can be removed and replaced repeatedly with great precision.
The impression is poured without positioning and attaching dowel pins beforehand. The machine accurately drills parallel holes from the underside of a trimmed cast.
Cast should sit perfectly flat on a tabletop its thickness form base to preparation finish line must be a minimum of 15 mm. If the bottom of the cast is flat, it insures that the pin holes drilled into it will be parallel.
There should be two pins for each die, two for each pontic (edentulous) area, and two pins in each terminal segment containing unprepared teeth. Use the switch on the side of the machine to turn it on.
The thumbs are used to stabilize the cast while lifting the handle bar with fingers
Cyanoacrylate cement is placed on the pins prior to cementing the pin tips
White sleeves are placed on the long pins and gray sleeves on the short pins
Dies may also be sectioned from the occlusal aspect of the cast
After the dies are sectioned trim them in the conventional manner. Mark the finish lines with a red pencil.
Apply die hardener and die spacer according to the manufacturers instruction. Before mounting the cast on the articulator, evaluate the height of the base.
DIE-LOCKING SYSTEM :
The full-arch tray consists of three components : A grooved base : An internally indexed outer arm ; And a posterior locking bar. The quadrant tray, on the other hand, consists of two components :
A rectangularly indexed compartment with one wall that is made of a single indexed locking arm that can be opened and closed on a hinge.
This locking arm securely holds the individual dies in place and allows for easy access to the die sections.
ACCUTRACK : This system is similar in design to the full-arch Die-Lok tray with several design modification
APPLICATION
indexing preparations.
single
or
multiple
die
The system contains only a full-arch tray that has three main components : a blue flexible rubber base, which confines the dental stone : And two independent, indexed, locking arms that securely contain the individual dies for easy access to them.
The lingual side of the cast base is trimmed with an arbor band
The cast is jarred loose from the tray base by tapping on the front of the base
The die is trimmed apical to the finish line with an acrylic bur
Extremely accurate dierelative system The trays are reusable and cost of the system is minimal Sectional-arch trays are particularly useful for inlay/onlay type of restorations
Many time-consuming steps are required The dental arch circumference does not always conform to the universal die-locking trays; in these cases other dieindexing techniques should be used.
Advantages No auxillary pins or dowels are needed The impression need only be poured once Magnetic indexing on the Accutrack tray provides for easy and clean mounting The removable dies have no movement in any direction
Disadvantages * Much cast trimming is necessary to shape the stone to conform to the tray in the Die-Lok technique: the thin stone cast may fracture during this process. The indexing grooves in the Acctrack system are small and the die stone can easily fracture in these places during die removal.
Dilts W.E. ; Podshadley A.G et al (1971) evaluated removable die systems to determine any vertical shift of the dies from their original position in the casts and any relative horizontal shift after the dies had been repositioned 30 times. Evaluated four removable die systems were : Brass dowel pin
vertical deviation of the dies in the following order: > Quadrant trays, brass dowel pin, precision stainless steel and stainless steel pin dowel.The mean horizontal deviation of the dies increased in this order. > Brass dowel pin, precision stainless steel dowel pins, stainless steel pindowls and quadrant tray.
J-pin and
Logix model system.
Covo L.M., Ziebert G.J. et al (1988) studied the accuracy of three removable die systems : The Accu-trac system ; The pindex system ; and The conventional brass dowel pin positioning technique. The result showed no significant difference in the shift of the removable die in a horizontal direction between any of the three systems. There was no significant difference in the displacement of the removable die in the vertical direction with the Pindex system and the conventional dowel pin technique
Richardson D.W. ; Sanchez R.A. et al (1991) evaluate the positional accuracy of dies with four die tray systems : Accu-trac precision die system ; Model-tray system ; Sterdo split model tray ; Tricodent one cast die tray system.
Result showed that all four die tray systems were not significantly different in most measurement categories
Serrano J.G. ; Lepe X. et al (1998) evaluated the 3-dimensional accuracy of 4 removable die systems
Belle de st. Claire ; Pindex ; DVA ; Conventional brass dowel system.
CONCLUSION
The ease with which a restoration is fabricated and the accuracy with which it will fit the mouth is materially affected by the casts and dies. So a die material should be selected that has
One of the aim of restorative dentistry is to restore the teeth to an anatomical form that will harmonize with the adjacent teeth and those of the opposing arch.
In order that these requirements may be met in restoration constructed by the indirect techniques, dies must occupy position in a model which reproduce those of the prepared teeth in the dental arch.
REFERENCES
1) Anusavice K.J. Phillips science of dental materials 11th edition, 2003 2) Asgars K., Mahler D.B. Hygroscopic technique for inlay casting using controlled water additions JPD Sept. 1955; 711-724 3) A comparative evaluation of the fit of commercially pure titanium cast copings using different investment materials. Sept. 2001 4) Chew C.L., Land M.F. Investment strength as a function of time & temperature J. Dent. 27(1999); 297-302
5) Comparative evaluation of the influence of cast hardening agents on surface abrasion, surface hardness & surface detail reproduction properties of refractory investment material Feb 1998 6) Craig R.G. & Powers J.M.- Restorative dental materials 11th edition 2001 7) OBrien W.J.- Dental materials & their selection 3rd edition 2002 8) Phillips R.W. Skinners science of dental materials 9th edition 1992 9) Takahashi J.,Okazaki M. Non uniform Vertical & horizontal setting expansion of a phosphate bonded investment JPD 1999;81: 386-391.