Thermodynamics II: 1st Law of Thermodynamics

Objectives

Comprehend the principles of operation of various heat exchangers Understand boundary layers Comprehend the First Law of Thermo Comprehend the basic principles of open/closed thermo systems Comprehend thermo processes

Heat Exchangers

Defn: device used to transfer thermal energy from one substance to another Direction of Flow
-> Parallel: not used by Navy -> Counter: more efficient; used by Navy -> Cross: used extensively

Number of passes (single or multiple)

Heat Exchangers

Type of Contact

Direct: mixing of substances; pour hot into cold Indirect/surface: no direct contact; some thin barrier used
liquid-liquid: PLO cooler liquid-vapor: condenser vapor-vapor: radiator in home steam-heat

Phases of Working Substance

Heat Exchangers

Boundary layer/film: w/in pipes or channels of fluid flow, the fluid adjacent to the wall is stagnant
-> local temp increases -> DT metal decreases -> amount of heat transfer decreases -> reduced efficiency & possible damage

Try to minimize film by adjusting flow or increasing turbulence

Heat Exchangers

Should be made of materials that readily conduct heat & have minimal corrosion Maximize surface area for heat transfer Minimize scale, soot, dirt, & fouling -> reduces heat transfer, efficiency, & causes damage

First Law of Thermodynamics

First Law of Thermodynamics

First Law of Thermodynamics

Principle of Conservation of Energy:

energy can neither be created nor destroyed, only transformed (generic) energy may be transformed from one form to another, but the total energy of any body or system of bodies is a quantity that can be neither increased nor diminished (thermo)

First Law of Thermodynamics

General Energy Equation

Energy In = Energy Out, OR U2 - U1 = Q - W (or u2 - u1 = q - w)

U1 = internal energy of system @ start U2 = internal energy of system @ end Q = net thermal energy flowing into system during process W = net work done by the system

Where:

Thermodynamic System

Defn: a bounded region that contains matter (which may be in gas, liquid, or solid phase) Requires a working substance to receive, store, transport, or deliver energy May be open (mass can flow in/out) or closed (no flow of mass out of boundaries)

Thermodynamic Processes

Defn: any physical occurrence during which an effect is produced by the transformation or redistribution of energy Describes what happens within a system Two classifications: non-flow & steady flow

Non-Flow Process

Process in which the working fluid does not flow into or out of its container in the course of the process (closed system) Energy In = Energy Out Q - W = U 2 - U1 Example: Piston being compressed

Steady Flow Process

Process in which the working substance flows steadily and uniformly through some device (i.e., a turbine) (open system) Assumptions (at any cross section):

Properties of fluid remain constant Average velocity of fluid remains constant System is always filled so volin = volout Net rate of heat xfer & work performed is constant

Processes - Flow Work

Defn: mechanical energy necessary to maintain the flow of fluid in a system Although some energy has been expended to create this form of energy, it still represents a stored (kinetic) energy which can be used Flow work = pressure x volume (PV)

Processes - Enthalpy

Enthalpy: the total energy of the fluid due to both internal energy & flow energies Represents the heat content or total heat Enthalpy (H)

H = U + PV (in ft-lb, BTU, or Joules) h = u + Pv (divide by lbm)

Questions?