ULTRACAPACITOR

(TO MEET AUTOMOTIVE POWER NEEDS)

BY: PRASHANT MOHAN 1BI09EE37 DEPT. OF E.E.E

INCHARGE: N. A. Prashanth M.Tech Asst. Professor

Table of contents:
1.introduction 2.What is ultracapacitor 3.Principle based on capacitance 4.Inside a Supercapacitor/Ultracapacitor. 5.Working. 6.Applications. 7.Advantages 8 Disadvantages

Traditional capacitors:

Two electrodes, or plates separated by a dielectric. Capacitors energy stored in electric field.

A C d

WHAT IS ULTRACAPACITOR

A supercapacitor or ultracapacitor is an electrochemical capacitor that has an unusually high energy density when compared to common capacitors. ELCTRONIC UNIT HOLDING 100 TIMES MORE ELECTRIC ENERGY THAN THE STANDARD CAPACITOR STORES ENERGY ELECTOSTATICALLY NO CHEMICAL REACTION TAKES PLACE

HOW ULTRACAPACITOR WORK

The combination of enormous surface area and extremely small charge separation gives the ultra capacitor its outstanding capacitance relative to conventional capacitors.

PRINCIPLE TO DETERMINE CAPACITANCE

Double-layer capacitance

Pseudocapacitance

DOUBLE LAYER CAPACITANCE

Pseudocapacitance

INSIDE VIEW OF ULTRACAPACITOR

CHARGING AND DISCHARGING GRAPHS

fast charging and discharging without degradation No release of thermal energy during discharge Deep discharges does not affect the performance

MODERN ULTRACAPACITORS Nanotechnology is being employed in the design. The active carbon is replaced by a thin layer of billions of Nanotubes . Each Nanotube is like a uniform hollow cylinder with 5nm and 100 m long. These Nanotubes are verically grown over the conducting electrodes.

NANOTECHNOLOGY

ADVANTAGES OF ULTRACAPACITOR OVER CONVENTIONAL SOURCES

Batteries: Ulracapacitors have more than 300 000 charging cycles, which is far more than a battery can handle. Ultra capacitor charges within seconds whereas batteries takes hrs. Because no chemical reaction is involved, ultracapacitors--also known as supercapacitors and double-layer capacitorsBatteries fail where high charging discharging takes place whereas ultracapacitor fares extremely well.

APPLICATION OF ULTRACAPACITORS
Military projects for example, starting the engines of battle tanks and submarines or replacing batteries in missiles. Common applications today include starting diesel trucks and railroad locomotives. Back up power(UPS, PCB mounted backup, emergency lighting) Automotive engineering(regenerative braking) In telecommunication In wind energy solutions Quick charge application Peak pulse power requirement In consumer products(quick charge hand tools)

EXPLANATION OF ONE APPLICATION

Features:
Energy storage device with excellent power capabilities ,high reliability High capacitance about 3000F No chemical reaction Improved safety Enhance efficiency(95% OR more) Optimize system size and cost Very high rates of charge and discharge. Little degradation over hundreds of thousands of cycles. Good reversibility Low toxicity of materials used.

ADVANTAGES:
High pulse-power compatibility Performance in low temperature Charge discharge cycles Can be easily configured No moving parts State of charge can be easily determined Improved safety with low toxicity of materials Self discharge rate

Drawbacks:
Linear discharge voltage prevents use of the full energy spectrum Low energy density - typically holds one-fifth to one-tenth the energy of an electrochemical battery Cells have low voltages - serial connections are needed to obtain higher voltages. Voltage balancing is required if more than three capacitors are connected in series High self-discharge - the rate is considerably higher than that of an electrochemical battery. Requires sophisticated electronic control and switching equipment

Applications:

Military projects for example, starting the engines of battle tanks and submarines or replacing batteries in missiles. Common applications today include starting diesel trucks and railroad locomotives, actuators, and in electric/hybrid-electric vehicles for transient load leveling and regenerating the energy of braking. A bank of ultracapacitors releases a burst of energy to help a crane heave its load aloft; they then capture energy released during the descent to recharge. They're being explored as replacements for the batteries in hybrid cars. In ordinary cars, they could help level the load on the battery by powering acceleration and recovering energy during braking. Delivering or accepting power during short-duration events is the ultracapacitor's strongest suit. ultracapacitors function well in temperatures as low as 40 C, they can give electric cars a boost in cold weather, when batteries are at their worst. Back up power(UPS, PCB mounted backup, emergency lighting) Automotive engineering(regenerative braking) In telecommunication In wind energy solutions (voltage regulation) Quick charge application Peak pulse power requirement In consumer products(quick charge hand tools) Regenerative braking systems for hybrid vehicles and electric rail Battery free backup power systems Provide backup power for the memory used in microcomputers and cell phone Distributed power for vehicle systems Electric power grid Wind power and solar power Air-conditioning Provide safety when a car has electrically actuated brakes or door locks and the wiring fails because of a defect or an accident Power lock

CONCLUSION:
Ultracapacitors are now finding their way into automotive and utility applications as energy storage components. long life , with little degradation The ultracapacitor bank would supply a continuous flow of power during the critical seconds between a utility outage They are popular for "bridging" applications, in which backup power kicks in as primary systems fails.

Refrences: