Submitted by:- SHAILJA JAIN Enrolment No :-04619104412

The term 4G is used broadly to include several types of

broadband wireless access communication systems, not only cellular telephone systems.
One of the terms to describe 4G is MAGIC
M -- Mobile Multimedia A -- Anytime Anywhere G -- Global Mobility Support

I -- Integrated Wireless Solution

C -- Customized Personal Service

The 1G or first generation. 1G was developed

in the seventies. Analogue transmission technology. Focus on voice. Data services almost non-existent. International roaming impossible.

Poor Voice Quality

Poor Battery Life

Large Phone Size No Security Frequent Call Drops Limited capacity and poor handoff

reliability

Launched in 1991 on the global system for

mobile communications(GSM - Global system for mobile communication) standard that uses TDMA. SMS - short message service E-mail Digital Transmission technology. Increased quality of service. Possibility of wireless data service.

An interim stage that is taken between 2G and 3G

that is 2.5G It is basically an enhancement of major technologies to provide increased capacity and to increase higher bit rates Data rates 56kb/s to 115kb/s. A very important aspect of 2.5G is the data channel are optimized for packet data which includes access to internet through mobile devices (GPRS General Radio Packet Service).

 In less populous areas, the weaker digital signal

will not be sufficient to reach a cell tower.

Analog has a smooth decay curve, but digital has

a jagged steppy one. Under slightly worse conditions, digital has occasional dropouts. As conditions worsen, though, digital will start to completely fail, by dropping calls.

The 3G technology adds multimedia facilities

to 2G phones by allowing audio, video and graphics applications. Increased clarity. Perfection as like real conversation. Applications are :

Mobile TV Video on demand Video conferencing Location based Services

High bandwidth requirement

Huge capital
3G phones are expensive

High input fees for the 3G service

licenses.

 Specified in 2009 by IMT-Advanced.

Successor to 2G and3G Wider bandwidths and higher bitrates. Entirely packet-switched network. Global mobility and service portability. Support for previous wireless technologies. High internet speed. Tight network security. 2 eg :- WiMAX, LTE

 OFDM

UWB
Smart antennas IPv6

 IT transmits large amounts of digital data over a radio wave.

OFDM works by splitting the radio signal into multiple smaller sub-

signals that are then transmitted simultaneously at different frequencies to the receiver .

By inserting a cyclic prefix between adjacent OFDM signal inter signal

interference is virtually eliminated if the max. channel delay spread is less than the time interval of cyclic prefix.

In OFDM the subcarrier pulse used for transmission is rectangular.

Here modulation can performed by an IDFT ,which can be generated

very efficiently as an IFFT . so, receiver only needs a FFT to reverse this process.

 An advanced technology that can be used in 4G

technology. It is typically detected as noise. It can use any part of the frequency spectrum, which means that it can use frequencies that are currently in use by other radio frequency devices . It uses a frequency of 3.1 to 10.6 Hz. It uses less power , since it transmits pulse instead of continuous signal. Special antennas are needed to tune and aim the signal.

 Beam Radio signals at a user to follow the user as they

move. Allow the same frequency to be used for other users without worry for interference. Can't keep up with the transmission speeds while the device is moving fast (i.e. in a car) Only 32Mbis at 62mpli (vs. 100 Mks) Seamless handoff between towers/access points. One transmit antenna. two receive antennas

 IPv6 means Internet Protocol Version 6 . The Internet Protocol (IP) is the method or protocol

which data is sent from one computer to another on the internet. Each computer (known as a host) on the Internet has at least one IP that uniquely identifies it from all other computers on the Internet. It includes 128 bits, which is 4 times more than 32bits IP address in IPv4. In the context of 4G, IPv6 also enables a number of applications with better multicast, security, and route optimization capabilities.

 Virtual Presence: This means that 4G provides user services

at all times, even if the user is off-site.

Virtual Navigation: 4G provides users with virtual

navigation through which a user can access a database of the streets, buildings etc.
Tele-Geo processing Applications: This is a combination of

GIS (Geographical Information System) and GPS (Global Positioning System) in which a user can get the location by querying.

 Tele-Medicine : 4G will support remote health monitoring

of patients. A user need not go to the hospital and can get videoconference assistance for a doctor at any anytime and anywhere.
Education: For people who are interested in life long

education, 4G provides a good opportunity. People anywhere in the world can continue their education online in a cost effective manner.
Crisis management: Natural disasters can cause break

down in communication systems. In todays world it might take days or 7 weeks to restore the system. But in 4G it is expected to restore such crisis issues in a few hours.