Tomorrow's Technology and You: 8 Edition

Tomorrows Technology and You
8th Edition
2008 Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Slide 1
Tomorrows Technology and You 8/e
Chapter 9 The Evolving Internet
Slide 2
Chapter 9 Objectives
Explain how and why the Internet was created. Describe the technology that is at the heart of the Internet.
Describe the technology that makes the Web work as a multimedia mass medium.
Discuss the tools people use to build Web sites.
Slide 3
Chapter 9 Objectives (continued)

Discuss the trends that are changing the Internet and the way people use it. Discuss some of the most important social and political issues raised by the growth of the Internet. Describe various ways that governments restrict access to the Internet.
Slide 4
Chapter 9
ARPANET Pioneers Build a Reliable Network Out of Unreliable Parts
The Advanced Research Projects Agency NETwork (ARPANET) is the predecessor to the Internet:
Developed at the request of the Department of Defense by a team of visionary computer scientists Launched in 1969 Peer-to-peer networking philosophy and protocols were copied in other networks in the 1980s Disbanded in 1990, having fulfilled its research mission, but its technology spawned the Internet
Slide 5
Chapter 9 Inside the Internet Counting Connections

The Internet: an interconnected network of thousands of networks
Links academic, research, government, and commercial institutions
Connects computers to about every country in the world

Growing too fast to measure its growth Internet is decentralized Internet doesnt have hard boundaries
Slide 6
Chapter 9 Inside the Internet

Internet Protocols
Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol, TCP/IP
At the heart of the Internet Allows cross-network communication
TCP breaks messages into packets.

Each packet has all the information needed to travel from network to network. Host systems called routers determine how to route transmissions. Packet-switching is flexible and robust.
Slide 7

Internet Protocols IP is the address for the packets.
Each Internet host computer has a unique IP address. Each address is comprised of four sets of numbers separated by periods, such as 123.23.168.22. NextGeneration Internet will allow more addresses and multicasting.
Slide 8

Internet Addresses
The host is named using DNS (domain name system), which translates IP addresses into a string of names. Top-level domains include:
.edu - educational sites .com - commercial sites .gov - government sites .mil - military sites .net - network administration sites .org - nonprofit organization sites
Slide 9

Internet Addresses
.aero .biz .coop .info .museum .name .pro Air transport organizations Businesses Cooperative businesses such as credit unions Information services Museums Personal registration by name Licensed professionals, including lawyers, doctors, and accountants
Slide 10

An email address includes: username@hostname.sub.dom
username is the persons mailbox hostname is the name of the host computer and is followed by one or more domains separated by periods:
host.domain host.subdomain.domain host.subdomain.subdomain.domain
Slide 11

User President whose mail is stored on the host whitehouse in the government domain
president@whitehouse.gov
hazel_filbert@admin.gmcc.ab.ca
User hazel_filbert at the admin server for Grant MacEwan Community College in Alberta, Canada
Slide 12

Internet Access Options
Direct (Dedicated) Connection
Computer has its own IP address and is attached to a LAN No need to dial up Files are stored on your computer Quick response time
Dialup Connection
Limited connection using a modem Full access dialup uses POTS or PPP via modem
Slide 13

Broadband Connections
DSL Service
Newer, faster, and cheaper than ISDN Can share phone line with voice traffic
Cable Modem Connection

Allows Internet connections using shared TV cables Can exceed DSL speeds Carries increased privacy and security risks
Slide 14

Satellite connection provides connection using DirecTV satellite dishes. Wireless broadband connection allows multiple computers to connect to a base station using short-range radio waves.
Internet Service Providers (ISPs)

Local ISPs provide connections through local telephone lines. National ISPs offer connections on a nationwide scale. Online Services like AOL and MSN offer extra services.
Slide 15

Internet Servers
E-mail server acts like a local post office for a particular Internet hosta business, an organization, or an ISP. File servers are common within LANs.
Also used to share programs, media files, and other data across the Internet
File transfer protocol (FTP) allows users to transfer files.

Download files from remote servers to their computers Upload files to remote computers File compression saves storage space on disk and saves transmission time when files are transferred through networks.
Slide 16

Internet Servers
Application server stores applicationsPC office applications, databases, or other applications.
Makes them available to client programs that request them Might be housed at an application service provider (ASP), a company that manages and delivers application services on a contract basis
Web server stores Web pages and sends pages to client Web browsers.
Slide 17
Chapter 9 Inside the Web

Web Protocols: HTTP and HTML
HTTP (Hypertext transfer protocol) used to transfer Web pages
Domain Name http:// weatherunderground.com/ Resource File
satellite/vis/1k/ Path
US.html
Protocol for Web pages
HTML (HyperText Markup Language) created for encoding and displaying documents
Slide 18
HTML is not WYSIWYG (What You See Is What You Get).
Slide 19

Publishing on the Web
Programs that convert document format features into HTML codes:
Microsoft Word, PowerPoint, FileMaker
Web authoring programs:

Dreamweaver, GoLive, Microsoft FrontPage
By expanding the number of people who have the power to transmit knowledge, the Web might trigger a power shift that changes everything. Howard Rheingold, Virtual Communities
Slide 20

From Hypertext to Multimedia
Typical Web pages can contain:
Tables Frames Forms Animations Search Engines Downloadable audio and video Streaming audio and video Real-time live audio or video 3-D environments Personalization
Slide 21

Plug-ins and Helper Applications
RealOne QuickTime Shockwave/Flash RealPlayer Adobe Reader and Acrobat
Slide 22
Chapter 9 Inside the Web Dynamic Web Sites: Beyond HTML

Dynamic HTML
Adds more programming power to HTML by allowing code to automatically modify itself under certain circumstances Perl scripting language Java: Full-featured, cross-platform, object-oriented programming language
Languages for dynamic sites
Slide 23

Dynamic Web Sites: Beyond HTML
Java Applets: Small Java programs
Automatically downloaded onto client computer Can run on any platform
ActiveX: Collection of programming technologies and tools for creating controls or components
Similar in many ways to Java applets
WML (Wireless Markup Language)

Helps create Web documents containing stock quotes, phone numbers, and other small nuggets of information
Slide 24
Chapter 9 Inside the Web Dynamic Web Sites: Beyond HTML

XML (Extensible Markup Language)
Will replace HTML plus provide additional features and extensions
XHTML
A sort of cross between HTML and XML
VRML (Virtual Reality Modeling Language)

Creates 3-D virtual worlds
SMIL (Synchronized Multimedia Integration Language)

Makes it possible to link time-based streaming mediasounds, video, and animation can be tightly integrated
Slide 25
Chapter 9 Inside the Web Search Engines

Search engines are designed to make it easier to find information on the Web.
Web Crawlers or Spiders
Software robots that systematically search the Web
Some search engines use keywords and Boolean logic to conduct searches. Other search engines conduct searches using a hierarchical directory or subject tree.
Slide 26
Chapter 9
Inside the Web
Specialized Search Engines: Google Maps, Froogle, and others
Slide 27
Chapter 9
Inside the Web
Portals
Web entry stations that offer quick and easy access to a variety of services
Consumer portals include search engines, email services, chat rooms, references, news and sports headlines, shopping malls, and other services. Corporate portals on intranets serve the employees of particular corporations. Vertical portals are targeted at members of a particular industry or economic sector.
Slide 28
Chapter 9
Inside the Web
Push Technology: Notifications and Alerts
The Web was built with pull technology.
Browsers on client computers pull information from server machines. Essentially, the browser asks for information.
With push technology, information is delivered automatically to the client computer.

New product descriptions Automatic software upgrades Updated news
RSS (Really Simple Syndication) pushes (feeds) information to people who read blogs.
Slide 29
Chapter 9
Inside the Web
Peer-to-Peer and Grid Computing

Peer-to-Peer (P2P) Computing
Users share music, movies, and other files without going through a central directory. Use BitTorrent to download very large files.
Grid Computing
Anyone can plug in from anywhere and rent processing power and software from anywhere on the Net.
Slide 30
Tomorrows Technology and You 8/e Chapter 9 Internet Issues: Ethical and Political Dilemmas
Internet Issues: Ethical and Political Dilemmas
Filtering software to combat inappropriate content Digital cash to make online transactions easier and safer Encryption software to prevent credit card theft Digital signatures to prevent email forgery Access and censorship The digital divide
Slide 31
Tomorrows Technology and You 8/e Chapter 9 The Evolving Internet

From Cyberspace to Infosphere
Paul McFedrie suggests that the Net today is like the atmosphereeverywhere and necessaryand should be called our infosphere. The Internets future depends on decisions we, as a society, make today. The Net is evolving from a global community into a global intelligence.
Slide 32
Chapter 9 The Evolving Internet
From Cyberspace to Infosphere

Kevin Kelly says the Internet will evolve into an integral extension not only of our senses and bodies but our minds. In the Web, as in our brains, learning happens through everincreasing interconnections. As the Net changes, it changes our lives. Evolution of the Internet is far from over.
Slide 33
Chapter 9 Lesson Summary

The Internet is a network of networks that connects all kinds of computers around the globe and uses standard protocols to allow Internet communication to occur. No single organization owns or controls the Internet. You can connect to the Internet in several ways that provide different degrees of access to Internet services. Most Internet applications are based on the client/server model.
Slide 34
Chapter 9 Lesson Summary (continued)

The Web uses a set of protocols to make a variety of Internet services and multimedia documents available to users through a simple point-and-click interface. In addition to Web sites, a variety of applications are built on the protocols of the Internet and the Web. For example, people who use the Web depend on search engines to find the information they need. Peer-to-peer computing was popularized by music-sharing services, but its applications go beyond music sharing.
Slide 35
Chapter 9 Lesson Summary (continued)

Many businesses are exploring ways to apply P2P technology. Grid computing goes beyond P2P computing by enabling people to share processor power. As the Internet grows and changes, issues of privacy, security, censorship, criminal activity, universal access, and appropriate Net behavior are surfacing.
Slide 36

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Tomorrows Technology and You

2008 Prentice-Hall, Inc.