Basics of the Table

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4 Groups and Periods 4 Metals, nonmetals and metalloids

4 s,p,d, and f-blocks

The Groups: Group IA Alkali Metals

4 Configurations end in s1 4 Soft, silvery colored metals

4 Highly reactive (not found free in nature)

4 Less dense than water
Note: K+ important in cell function, Li2CO3 treats manic depression, K2Cr2O7 in breathalizers, soap making (NaOH, KOH)

The Groups: Group IIA Alkaline Earth Metals

4 Configurations end in s2 4 Soft, silvery colored metals

4 Less reactive than Group IA

Note: flares, flashbulbs, rocket parts, sheet rock, sacrificial anodes, cement, stalactites/stalagmites, hard water

Periodic Trends
4 Properties of elements increase or

decrease across periods and down groups. 4 Dont have to memorize data 4 Atomic size, Ionization energy, Electronegativity & Electron affinity, solubility

What determines how tightly electrons are held?

4 Depends on the force of attraction between

nucleus and electrons

How do we determine the strength of this force of attraction?

See the following link

Three things to consider.

4 The number of protons in an atom (Z)
4 The extent of shielding 4 The configuration of the atom

Shielding
4 Shielding - the reduction of the force of

attraction between the nucleus and the valence electrons caused by electrons in between them.

Shielding
See the following graphic

Atomic radius: the trend

4 Across the period: atomic number

increases, no increase in shielding, atomic radius decreases

4 Down the groups: shielding increases

and the atoms get larger

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Ionic radii
W hat kind of ions do metals tend to form? How about nonmetals?
How does this affect the size of the atom?

Ionic radii problems

1) Which is bigger? a) Mg Mg2+ b) F Fc) F- Cld) Na+ K+ e) Br- Se2-

Ionization Energy
4 The energy required to remove an

electron, measured in kJ / mole 4 Process of removing an electron is endothermic 4 The larger the atom, the easier it is to remove an electron

Ionization Energy: The trend

4 Across period: atomic number increases, no

shielding increase, ionization energy increases

4 Down group: decreases as shielding

increases
4 Excepton:The stability of a full or full

sublevel causes an exception to the trend across the periods in Groups III and VI

Ionization energy problems

4 1)Compare the ionization energies of the

elements in the following pairs: 4 a) Li Na b) C O

4 c) Ar 4 e) N

K O

d) Be

2nd and 3rd ionization energies

4 Electrons are held more tightly as each one

is removed. 4 It takes more energy to remove the second and third electrons from an atom than the first. 4 Be aware of exceptionally high ionization energies for elements with half or full sets of orbitals.

Ionization energy problems

2)Consider the following elements:
O Mg N F Na Ne

Which one would have the: a)Highest 1st ionization energy? b)Lowest 2nd ionization energy? c)Highest 3rd ionization energy?

Electronegativity
4 The relative tendency of an atom to

attract a bonding pair of electrons when the atom is chemically combined with another atom

Electronegativity: the trend

4 Across the period: increases as atomic

number increases
4 Down the groups: decreases as

shielding effect gets larger strength of the nucleus becomes less

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Self check
1)Which element in each of the following pairs has the highest electronegativity? A) C or O B) Be or Mg C) Na or F D) O or Al 2) Which element is the least electronegative in the periodic table?

Electron affinity
4 Measure of how badly an atom wants

an electron

Electron Affinity: the trend

4 Going across the period: becomes greater as

atomic number increases

4 Going down the groups: gets smaller as

elements become larger and shielding increases.

4 Exception: elements with full and full

configurations are especially stable and thus will have lower electron affinities than expected.

Check
1) Which of the following elements has the greatest electron affinity? A) Li or Be B) O or F C) Al or S D) N or O E) Ne or F F) Mg or Al

Review Summary
4 http://www.wwnorton.com/chemistry/overview/ch6.htm {slide 10 Q2-

4}

First ionization energy

Electronegativity

Electron affinity
increases decreases