RPC Training Nov 2006 NB - WB - BB r5

National Public Safety Telecommunications Council RPC Training Session: Topic III
Overview of Coexistence Planning for Narrowband, Wideband, & Broadband Operations

Islip, New York, November 14, 2006
Sean OHara NPSTC Technical Support Regions 8, 19, 28, 30 and 55 SRC - State of New York - SWN 315-452-8152 (office) ohara@syrres.com
NPSTC: The Collective Voice of Public Safety Telecommunications
David Eierman Motorola Principal Staff Engineer (410) 712-6242 (office) David.Eierman@motorola.com
www.NPSTC.org
Introduction
Purpose
Introduce RPCs to techniques and requirements for handling coordination and coexistence of diverse 700 MHz technologies This will only provide an overview
Relevancy
Immediate need to manage these issues, since 700 MHz spectrum is likely to become flexible use to a much larger degree than it was yesterday
Audience
Technical System Operators, RPC Technical Committee Members, Frequency Coordinators, Spectrum and System Planners, etc
Collaboration
These guidelines were developed through collaboration with Industry as well as public safety DataRadio, Lucent Technologies, M/A-COM, Motorola, NPSTC, Qualcomm
Next Steps
NPSTC and Industry will generate and make available a detailed set of coexistence guidelines early on in 2007
www.NPSTC.org
Reminder
It is up to us (the RPCs) to manage this spectrum effectively If we do not
Interference will result Regional capacity will drop Flexibility will go out the window
The FCC gives us basic rules we can impose whatever additional Regional restrictions/rules are necessary to manage the spectrum
The spectrum management responsibility has been given to us
www.NPSTC.org
Final BB/WB/NB Guidelines

The final Guidelines will be written such that it could be adapted by the RPCs without having to develop their own. The Guidelines will contain:
Coordination procedures Deployment recommendations (power flux limits, minimum desired level targets, etc) Interference mitigation procedures
www.NPSTC.org
Overview and Schedule

Topic
Introduction and Overview
Time
02 minutes
Key Concepts and Technologies

Co-Channel Coordination Adjacent Channel and Out of Band or OffChannel Coordination Examples
03 minutes (end at 01:35)


Questions and Answers and Feedback


5
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Key Concepts
Recall some concepts from earlier session they are important here as well:
Reliability Channel Performance Criterion (CPC) for Voice and Data Services Near/Far Effects
Adjacent Channel Coupled Power Ratio (ACCPR)
We do not have time to review these in full here, but please ask Qs if appropriate as we go along
www.NPSTC.org
700 Technologies
Narrowband Technologies
Use: Channel Size Modulation Methods: Access Methodologies: Products: Use: Channel Size Modulation Methods: Access Methodologies: Products: Use: Channel Size Modulation Methods Access Methodologies: Products: Voice and Data up to ~100 kbps (raw) 6.25 kHz, 12.5 kHz, 25 kHz C4FM, F4FM, GFSK, QAM FDD, FDMA/TDMA Project 25, OpenSky, HPD, others Data up to ~800 kbps (raw) 50 kHz, 100 kHz, 150 kHz QPSK through 64-QAM, FM/N-ary FSK FDD, and TDD SAM, IOTA, others Voice & High Speed Data (beyond 1 Mbps) 1.25 MHz to 5 MHz OFDM with QAM, CDMA with N-PSK FDD, and TDD 802.16/e, 802.20, cdma2000 EVDO, UMTS
7
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Wideband Technologies

Broadband Technologies

National Public Safety Telecommunications Council
Co-Channel Coordination
www.NPSTC.org
Co-Channel Planning
Co-channel planning for most situations is a matter of bandwidth and power coupling ratios
NB to NB, WB to WB NB to WB, NB to BB* WB to BB
BB to BB involves technology aspects as well

*NB
to BB is a special case for border areas or by waiver 9

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Power Coupling
Recall the ACCPR calculations covered in the earlier session. The same calculations need to be done for the co-channel cases, except the signals now overlap. This can actually be easier, since the interfering power density is either (1) more uniform over the capture filter shape or (2) is completely captured by the victim receiver.
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DWE
Power Coupling
6.25-kHz
12.5-kHz
25.0-kHz 50-kHz 100-kHz 150-kHz 1.25 MHz Unless both signals are BB For planning, you can simply look at the total power of the interfering signal, derated by the power coupled into the other signal
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DWE
Power Coupling
Interferer Bandwidth (kHz) 6.25 12.50 25.00 50.00 100.00 150.00 1250.00
6.25
0.00
-3.01
-6.02
-9.03
-12.04
-13.80
-23.01
Victim bandwidth (kHz)
12.50
0.00
0.00
-3.01
-6.02
-9.03
-10.79
-20.00
De-rate co-channel interferers ERP by the table at left, then perform normal co-channel analyses Note that as the victim bandwidth gets wider it captures more interference Also note that as the interferer gets wider, it offers less interference into narrower victim, bandwidths
25.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
-3.01
-6.02
-7.78
-16.99
50.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
-3.01
-4.77
-13.98
100.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
-1.76
-10.97
150.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
-9.21
1250.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
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DWE
Implications
With -23 dB power coupling, a single NB/WB to co-channel BB* coordination can be treated much like an adjacent channel coordination was performed at NPSPAC
NB and BB can get much closer to each other than NB to NB or NB to WB
However, a BB* signal may capture many NB/WB co-channel interferers at each field point
All the NB/WB power must be captured and combined like in the multiple NB interferer cases shown earlier today. BB may be the one to get interfered with first.
*NB
to BB is a special case for border areas or by waiver 13

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Implications
SYS-1 NB/WB 4 Channels
SYS-2 BB 1 Channels SYS-2 (BB) gets interfering power from both SYS-1 (NB), and SYS-3 (NB/WB) Therefore it suffers reliability degradation as much as 6-10 dB earlier, with reduced throughput at cell edges
SYS-3 NB/WB 3 Channels
NB to BB is a special case for border areas or by waiver

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Technology Dependent Considerations

OFDM/A to OFDM/A
Still collecting information on this, will cover in more detail in the final guidelines Must use FDD in this allocation, right now WiMAX (802.16) is focused on TDD
CDMA to CDMA
Intra-system co-channel operations are handled through the technology and handoffs Inter-system co-channel coordination is possible, even between adjacent counties
However, systems should be coordinated (PN-offset codes) and synchronized RPCs should encourage and/or require this coordination
CDMA to OFDM/A
Use power coupling method
All Technologies
Right now there is a real need for consistent CPCf specifications across the technologies These will need to be a CPC function, one that related required S/(I+N) to data throughput/goodput, message success rate or some other data metric
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Adjacent and Off Channel Coordination
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Adjacent and Off Channel Coordination

In this area we look at coexistence of both direct adjacent channel technologies as well as off-channel technologies
Adjacent are within one NB/WB channel block width (NB: up to 25-kHz, WB: up to 150-kHz) Off-Channels can be as far away as 10-MHz
The main factor involved is the determination of near/far Hole sizes and impacts (Swiss Cheese)
Caused by ACCPR effects Caused by Out of Band Emissions (OOBE)
Undesired emissions from other deployments leaking into the band where the desired signal operates
Caused by receiver effects (IM and Overload)

High levels of out of band power that cause the victim receiver to operate in a non-linear manner and degrade the ability to receive and understand the desired signal
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Swiss Cheese, Reliability Loss
Mobile Reliability (Noise-Only)
Mobile Reliability (Interference from Bases)
Mobile Reliability (Interference from Mobiles)
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C/(I+N), Swiss Cheese Effects
Note the mobile edge of cell effects from TDD or OOBE

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C/(I+N), Swiss Cheese Effects
Useful Range S/(N+I) Overall Reduction In Sensitivity
Reliability Loss
S/N
20
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Adjacent Channel Coordination

Recall earlier session on TSB-88-based coordination
Process
Compute technology to technology ACCPR De-rate interferer and follow co-channel approach
Avoid allowing the adjacent channel interferers site inside victims service area
Manage near/far in overlap areas
If adjacent channel is BB, use off-channel approach
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DWE
Off-Channel Near/Far Holes

Need to look at path isolation, IM, and link analyses for scenarios of interest
Necessary to understand the problem
We will review the magnitude of the noise floor degradations with respect to current rules, and consistent broadband rules set for the 700 MHz public safety allocations
Current Rules: Part 27, Commercial use of the upper 700 MHz
Examine what attenuation a guard band or guard distance must provide to narrowband and broadband operations Assess impacts to public safety
Frequency coordination and utilization issues Size and impact of interference holes
22
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DWE
Near/Far Holes from BB OOBE: Existing Part 27 Rules

PS and Commercial BB NB PS LMR
Desired Mobile Signal -36 dBm + 10 dB Main Beam Gain (and line losses) -46 dBm 76 + 10logP into 6.25 kHz Additional filtering and guard band of about 1MHz can reduce this further
- 92 dBm
97% Reliability at CPC (Z=1.88, =8)
Reliability Losses
Path Isolation: Coupling loss between the output of the dipole transmit antenna and a victim dipole = Free space loss between dipoles + Antenna pattern discrimination below main beam
Z = 15 dB
-107 dBm 18 dB CPCf -125 dBm 50% Reliability at CPC
NB Noise Floor = kTB + NF
23
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240 210 180 150
120
210
330
240 300 Typical Antenna Pattern (824-896 MHz) 270
-DB872G60A Panel AntennaAntenna Manufacturer: Decibel Products Antenna Model: DB872G60A-XY Gain: 11 dB Mechanical downtilt: 3 degrees Electrical Downtilt: 0 degrees Azimuth Pointing Angle: 0 degrees
Horizontal/Azimuth Pattern
Vertical/Elevation Pattern
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Path Isolation Parameters

R2 = d2 + h2 Distance for Free Space Loss
= atan(h/d)
h R The depression angle and downtilt angle are used to determine antenna pattern discrimination below main beam.
d
Field Location
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Vertical Pattern Attenuation for Several Transmit Heights (Using 3-degrees Downtilt)
30, 50, 70, and 100 meter transmit heights
40 30-m Transmit Height 50-m Transmit Height 70-m Transmit Height 100-m Transmit Height 35
Vertical Antenna Pattern Attenuation Below Main Lobe Gain (dB)
30
25
20
15
Antenna discrimination has little effect after ~ 75 to 175-m
10
25
50
75
100 125 150 175 200 225 250 275 300 325 350 375 400 425 450 475 500 525 550 575 600 625 650 675 700 725 750 775 800 825 850 875 900 925 950 975 1000 Distance From Tower Base (m)
26
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Free Space Path Loss Between Dipoles

30, 50, 70, and 100 meter transmit heights
90 30-m Transmit Height 50-m Transmit Height 70-m Transmit Height 100-m Transmit Height 85
80
Free Space Loss between Dipoles (dB)
75
70
65
60
Antenna height little effect after ~ 25 to 100-m
55
25
50
75
100 125 150 175 200 225 250 275 300 325 350 375 400 425 450 475 500 525 550 575 600 625 650 675 700 725 750 775 800 825 850 875 900 925 950 975 1000 Distance from Tower Base (m)
27
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Path Isolation
30, 50, 70, and 100 meter transmit heights, with 3-deg downtilt
110 30-m Transmit Height 50-m Transmit Height 70-m Transmit Height 100-m Transmit Height
105
100
95
Antenna and TX height dominate at 100 to 350-m
Site Isolation (dB)
90
85
80
75
Free space loss dominates after
70
65
25
50
75
100 125 150 175 200 225 250 275 300 325 350 375 400 425 450 475 500 525 550 575 600 625 650 675 700 725 750 775 800 825 850 875 900 925 950 975 1000 Distance from Tower Base (m)
28
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The Table Lamp: Path Isolation

30 m transmitter height, with 3-deg downtilt
Free Space
Free Space
Antenna Nulls
29
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Path Isolation (Free Space Loss, and Vertical Pattern Attenuation)

30, 50, 70, and 100 meter transmit heights, with 3-deg downtilt
110 30-m Transmit Height 50-m Transmit Height 70-m Transmit Height 100-m Transmit Height
105
100
95
Site Isolation (dB)
90
85
80
~ 80 dB Typical for PS LMR
75
70
~ 70 dB Typical for Cellular

0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 Distance from Tower Base (m) 200 225 250 275 300
65
30
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OOBE Reliability Degradation vs. Hole Size

Standard Mobile Noise Limited Design (97%)
OOBE Near far Effects from BB to NB (Standard 97% Reliability Noise Floor Design) 1
0.9 TX TX TX TX Height : 30-m Height : 50-m Height : 70-m Height : 100-m
of 3.5 Probability of Achieving DAQ for P25bf for P25 liability of Achiveing DAQ = 3.5
0.8
0.7
0.6
Long distance reliability degradation effects
0.5
0.4
0.3
Large reliability losses in Hole for lower sites

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 Distance From Base of BB Site (km) 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
0.2
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Mobile Noise + 5 dB Margin Design (97%)
OOBE Near far Effects from BB to NB (Standard 97% Reliability with 5 dB Elevated Noise Floor Design) 1
3.5 Probability of Achieving DAQ ofP25bf for P25 liability of Achiveing DAQ = 3.5 for
0.8
0.7
0.6
No long distance reliability degradation effects
0.5
0.4
Manageable reliability losses in Hole for all sites
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5 0.6 Distance From Base of BB Site (km)
0.7
0.8
0.9
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Standard Portable* Noise Limited Design (97%)
OOBE Near far Effects from BB to NB (Standard 97% Portable Reliability Noise Limited Design) 1
3.5 Probability of Achieving DAQ ofP25bf for P25 liability of Achiveing DAQ = 3.5 for
0.8
0.7
No long distance reliability degradation effects
0.6
0.5
0.4
Manageable reliability losses in Hole for all sites
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5 0.6 Distance From Base of BB Site (km)
0.7
0.8
0.9
*10 dB Antenna losses

33
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DWE
Power Flux Density (PFD)
Desired
Undesired Individual PFD: Total power of individual undesired signals Cumulative PFD: Total power of all undesired signals
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Near/Far Holes from NB/WB/BB IM
PS Commercial NB/WB/BB
- 45 dBm Power Flux Density at the Input to NB Victim Dipole
NB PS LMR
Desired Mobile Signal
Portable radio antenna losses relative to dipole (if applicable)
- 92 dBm
97% Reliability at CPC (Z=1.88, =8)
Reliability Losses
IMR IM Rejection relative to static sensitivity of PS receiver IMR(NB) < IMR(WN) < IMR(BB) IMR(NB) ~ 75 dB (Mobile)
Z = 15 dB
-107 dBm 18 dB CPCf -125 dBm NB Noise Floor = kTB + NF 50% Reliability at CPC
Static Sensitivity = kTB + NF + Cs/N 35

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DWE
Progression of Off Channel Interference (NB, WB, and BB)
As signal levels on the ground rise, the impacts shift from OOBE to IM to Overload
NB/WB to WB/NB IM and BB to NB/WB OOBE
BB to NB/WB IM
Overload Range (OL)
-40 dBm
-30 dBm
-20 dBm
36
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DWE
Currently Proposed* PFD Limits

Interferer Type Narrowband Wideband Broadband Individual PFD (dBm) -40 -38 -30 Cumulative PFD (dBm) -35 -33 -25
*Still Looking at final PFD recommendations, and at what site distance it should be measured
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DWE
Best Practices
Pay attention to planning around and resolving these issues at the Regional Planning and Frequency Coordination level
Should not create issues that need to be resolved later by adding cost to systems
Bring system design team into Regional Planning and Frequency Coordination
Frequency coordination and channel selection must happen early in the system design process
Best practices to mitigate near/far effects

Use additional filtering and guard band to reduce OOBE Limit undesired power at the ground (PFD Restrictions) to reduce IM and OL Raise desired power at the ground in appropriate areas to combat OOBE and IM
Other sources of guidance

Motorola Technical Appendix to the Nextel Best Practices Guide TIA TSB-88 FINAL NPSTC COEXISTANCE GUIDELINES 1Q07
38
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Example (1)
Deployment of NB/BB/WB within a County
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County BB and NB Coexistence

Suppose in a given County, there is a desire to deploy 700 MHz BB data.
Area: Population: BB Data Sites: 950 mi2 120,000 30, each 100 foot high, with 6-km cell radius
In the County there is already a 700 MHz NB system deployed

NB Voice Sites: 6, each 150 to 350 feet high
How can this be done? What impacts need to be examined? How will the co-deployments affect each others performance?
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First: Where do we put the BB

Need to decide where in the frequency band the BB can be deployed.
There either needs to be a guard band or guard distance
Since the guard distance is zero, a guard band must be employed How big should the Guard band be
As big as it needs to be to meet the OOBE limitations External filters may be used here to control OOBE
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Guard Band, OOBE and Filtering

A combination of filtering and guard band will be required to meet the OOBE limitations into the nearest NB incumbent
76 + 10logP -46 dBm / 6.25 kHz
BB/WB
NB
For reasonable filtering, about a 1-MHz Guard band would be required This can be reduced through tighter filtering
42
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Second: How Do We Coordinate?

Assume the OOBE level as the main transmitter power into the antenna. Run area reliability degradation study as we would for narrowband. We will see that this passes
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Macro Example: County Deployment

Example County Area: Population: NB Voice Sites: BB Data Sites: 950 mi2 120,000 6 30
Propagation Model Longley Rice 1.2.2. Median Mode No LULC Broadband Sites 30-m Transmitter Height -38 dBm ERP OOBE 6-km Site Radius
NPSTC: The Collective Voice of Public Safety Telecommunications Power (dBm) Received
44
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Desired Signal (NB Site Coverage)
Undesired Signal (BB Site Coverage)
Received Power (dBm)
Received Power (dBm)
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S/I (dB)
Signal to Interference
46
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10
Distributions S/N S/(I+N)
10
-1
Results Broadband Effects

No significant interference effects
P(x>X)
10
-2
0.01% Reduction in Area Reliability S/N, S/(I+N) Distributions Identical
10
-3
Impacts would be greater for less reliable designs
10
-4
10
20
30
40 50 60 X: Distribution of S/N, S/(I+N)
70
80
90
100
47
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Impacts Near Sites

Incumbent should look at the areas around the sites Look at the average desired power near the sites.
In this case, it is all greater than -79 dBm into a dipole receive antenna (mobile coverage)
Compute the average impact around the sites

With the applicant meeting OOBE and PFD limits
Decide whether or not to increase desired power near the sites

Are the areas critical? Is the coverage degradation unacceptable?
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Impacts Near Sites

OOBE Impacts:
OOBE Level at ground at a D = 150-m
-36 dBm 70 dB = -106 dBm
Reliability at a distance D
Assume undesired has no effect R = 1 Qerf((-79 18 (-106))/8) = 0.87 or 87%
IM Impacts:
Require applicant to show that (1) PFD limits are met, or (2), get agreement that degradation near the sites is acceptable to the incumbent If PFD is met, then it is up to the incumbent to increase desired power if coverage degradation near the BB sites is unacceptable
49
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Example (2)
Deployment of BB/WB within/between Regions
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Co-Channel WB/BB Requests

43 42.5
A
42
Lets look at Several folks wishing to deploy BB (1.25 MHz) and WB (50-kHz) systems: D County A: Wideband (8-Chan)
41.5
41
B E
County B: Wideband (8-Chan)

County C: Broadband (1-Chan) County D: Wideband (8-Chan)
40.5
40
County E: Broadband (1-Chan)

39.5
39 -76.5 -76 -75.5 -75 -74.5 -74 -73.5 -73 -72.5 -72 -71.5
Note that these systems span three Regions

51
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What to Look For

First: Can the systems operate non co-channel?
See below, there are three broadband channels available. We only need two BB channels The WB could use spectrum in the third, on between the BB channels
6-MHz Flexible Use C E Flexible Use
A,B,D
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How About Worst Case?

Lets assume worst case
All systems operate co-channel Reasonable, since there are also other systems out there that need to use the spectrum as well
Flexible Use C and E Flexible Use
A,B,D
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Co-Channel Coupling
System A, WB, 8-50 kHz Channels
0-dB (100%) Coupling from Sys-B and Sys-D 14-dB Coupling from Sys-C and Sys-E
10log(50 / 1250) = -14dB
System B, WB, 8-50 kHz Channels

0-dB (100%) Coupling from Sys-A and Sys-D 14-dB Coupling from Sys-C and Sys-E
10log(50 / 1250) = -14dB
System C: 1.25 MHz BB

0-dB (100%) Coupling from Sys-B and Sys-D 0-dB (100%) Coupling from Sys-A and Sys-B, and Sys-D
System D, WB, 8-50 kHz Channels

0-dB (100%) Coupling from Sys-A and Sys-B 14-dB Coupling from Sys-C and Sys-E
10log(50 / 1250) = -14dB
System E: 1.25 MHz BB

0-dB (100%) Coupling from Sys-B and Sys-D 0-dB (100%) Coupling from Sys-A and Sys-B, and Sys-D
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Analysis
Analysis will follow the model set out earlierExcept We do not have a mature CPC model for data reliability and or goodput degradation For the high speed data systems (or any data systems), this is a need that needs to be worked on. Ongoing work in several areas to fill this need
NPSTC (BB Task Force and Ad Hoc Joint TWG), RPCs, TIA/TR-8.18, etc
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Q&A and Feedback
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Q&A and Feedback

This is a lot to pack into 90-minutes I will be happy to go these concepts this again at area RPC meetings
Usually attend Region 8, 30, 55 meetings Often attend Region 19 and 28 meetings as well
Any Questions? Any Feedback?

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Contact for Further Information

Sean OHara Business Area Manager Analysis, Communications, and Collection Systems Syracuse Research Corporation ohara@syrres.com
315.452.8152 office, 315.559.5632 mobile
David Eierman Principle Staff Engineer Motorola david.eierman@motorola.com

410.712.6242 office
58
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RPC Training Nov 2006 NB - WB - BB r5

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National Public Safety Telecommunications Council RPC Training Session: Topic III

Overview of Coexistence Planning for Narrowband, Wideband, & Broadband Operations

NPSTC: The Collective Voice of Public Safety Telecommunications

Final BB/WB/NB Guidelines

NPSTC: The Collective Voice of Public Safety Telecommunications

Overview and Schedule

Key Concepts and Technologies

03 minutes (end at 01:35)

35 minutes (end at 02:20)

Questions and Answers and Feedback

10 minutes (end at 03:00)

NPSTC: The Collective Voice of Public Safety Telecommunications

NPSTC: The Collective Voice of Public Safety Telecommunications

National Public Safety Telecommunications Council

NPSTC: The Collective Voice of Public Safety Telecommunications

BB to BB involves technology aspects as well

to BB is a special case for border areas or by waiver 9

NPSTC: The Collective Voice of Public Safety Telecommunications

NPSTC: The Collective Voice of Public Safety Telecommunications

NPSTC: The Collective Voice of Public Safety Telecommunications

Victim bandwidth (kHz)

NPSTC: The Collective Voice of Public Safety Telecommunications

to BB is a special case for border areas or by waiver 13

NPSTC: The Collective Voice of Public Safety Telecommunications

SYS-3 NB/WB 3 Channels

NB to BB is a special case for border areas or by waiver

Technology Dependent Considerations

NPSTC: The Collective Voice of Public Safety Telecommunications

National Public Safety Telecommunications Council

Adjacent and Off Channel Coordination

NPSTC: The Collective Voice of Public Safety Telecommunications

Adjacent and Off Channel Coordination

Caused by receiver effects (IM and Overload)

Swiss Cheese, Reliability Loss

Mobile Reliability (Noise-Only)

Mobile Reliability (Interference from Bases)

Mobile Reliability (Interference from Mobiles)

NPSTC: The Collective Voice of Public Safety Telecommunications

C/(I+N), Swiss Cheese Effects

Note the mobile edge of cell effects from TDD or OOBE

C/(I+N), Swiss Cheese Effects

Useful Range S/(N+I) Overall Reduction In Sensitivity

Adjacent Channel Coordination

If adjacent channel is BB, use off-channel approach

NPSTC: The Collective Voice of Public Safety Telecommunications

Off-Channel Near/Far Holes

NPSTC: The Collective Voice of Public Safety Telecommunications

Near/Far Holes from BB OOBE: Existing Part 27 Rules

97% Reliability at CPC (Z=1.88, =8)

NB Noise Floor = kTB + NF

NPSTC: The Collective Voice of Public Safety Telecommunications

240 210 180 150

240 300 Typical Antenna Pattern (824-896 MHz) 270

Path Isolation Parameters

Vertical Antenna Pattern Attenuation Below Main Lobe Gain (dB)

Antenna discrimination has little effect after ~ 75 to 175-m

NPSTC: The Collective Voice of Public Safety Telecommunications

Free Space Path Loss Between Dipoles

Free Space Loss between Dipoles (dB)

Antenna height little effect after ~ 25 to 100-m

NPSTC: The Collective Voice of Public Safety Telecommunications

Antenna and TX height dominate at 100 to 350-m